Border Proximity, Ports, and Railways: Analyzing Their Impact on County-Level Economic Dynamics in Hungary, 2001–2020
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Framework and Literature Review
3. Methodology
- Calculate the average GDP per capita for all counties for each year;
- Calculate the growth rate for each county for every year, comparing GDP per capita at the current year with the previous;
- Calculate the average growth rate for every year, comparing the average GDP per capita at the current year with the previous;
- Compare the growth rate of each county with the average growth rate in the same years;
- Calculate the number of years when the county’s growth rate was higher than the average growth rate in the same year;
- Rank the counties according to the calculations.
- Calculate the average GDP () for year Yt as:
- where:
- is the total number of counties;
- Ci is the GDP per capita of the county I;
- Yt is the year t, where t ranges from 2000 to 2020.
- 2.
- Calculate the growth rate () of county i for year Yt as:
- 3.
- Calculate the total growth rate () for year Yt as:
- 4.
- Compare the growth rate of county i with the total growth rate for year Yt:
- 5.
- Calculate the number of years () when the growth rate of county i was higher than the total growth rate:
- 6.
- Rank the counties based on , where a higher value indicates a higher rank.
4. Results
4.1. Characteristics of Regional Differences in the Economic Development of Hungary
4.2. Calculating the Influence of Factors
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Anderson, James E., and Eric Van Wincoop. 2003. Gravity with gravitas: A solution to the border puzzle. American Economic Review 93: 170–92. [Google Scholar]
- Baldwin, Richard E., Philippe Martin, and Gianmarco I. P. Ottaviano. 2001. Global income divergence, trade, and industrialization: The geography of growth take-offs. Journal of Economic Growth 6: 5–37. [Google Scholar]
- Basboga, Kadir. 2020. The role of open borders and cross-border cooperation in regional growth across Europe. Regional Studies, Regional Science 7: 532–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Battisti, Michele, Filippo Belloc, and Massimo Del Gatto. 2021. Is the productivity premium of internationalized firms technology-driven? Empirical Economics 60: 3069–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Börjesson, Maria, and Jonas Eliasson. 2019. Should values of time be differentiated? Transport Reviews 39: 357–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bottasso, Anna, Maurizio Conti, Claudio Ferrari, and Alessio Tei. 2014. Ports and regional development: A spatial analysis on a panel of European regions. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 65: 44–55. [Google Scholar]
- Bukvić, Lucija, Jasmina Pašagić Škrinjar, Borna Abramović, and Vladislav Zitrický. 2021. Route Selection Decision-Making in an Intermodal Transport Network Using Game Theory. Sustainability 13: 4443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Calderon, Cesar A., and Luis Servén. 2004. The Effects of Infrastructure Development on Growth and Income Distribution. Available online: https://ssrn.com/abstract=625277 (accessed on 15 September 2023).
- Chen, Chia-Lin, and Peter Hall. 2011. The impacts of high-speed trains on British economic geography: A study of the UK’s InterCity 125/225 and its effects. Journal of Transport Geography 19: 689–704. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Di Berardino, Claudio, Ilaria Doganieri, Stefano D’Angelo, and Gianni Onesti. 2022. Intersectoral and intercountry linkages as drivers of employment growth in emerging economies: The case of Visegrád countries. Metroeconomica 74: 163–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elekes, Zoltán, and Balázs Lengyel. 2020. Related trade variety, foreign-domestic spillovers and regional employment in Hungary. Acta Oeconomica 70: 551–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Esfahani, Hadi Salehi, and María Teresa Ramírez. 2003. Institutions, infrastructure, and economic growth. Journal of development Economics 70: 443–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fedorenko, Roman, Irina Yakhneeva, Nadezhda Zaychikova, and Dmitry Lipinsky. 2021. Evaluating the Socio-Economic Factors Impacting Foreign Trade Development in Port Areas. Sustainability 13: 8447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fedorenko, Roman Vladimirovich, and Galina Anatolievna Khmeleva. 2021. Preferential Treatment as a Tool for Managing the Coastal Area Sustainable Development: The Case of the Vladivostok Free Port. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9: 329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferrari, Claudio, Olaf Merk, Anna Bottasso, Maurizio Conti, and Alessio Tei. 2012. Ports and Regional Development: A European Perspective. Available online: https://oecd-ilibrary.org (accessed on 15 September 2023).
- Fujita, Masahisa, and Jacques-François Thisse. 1996. Economics of agglomeration. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 10: 339–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gallup, John Luke, Jeffrey D. Sachs, and Andrew D. Mellinger. 1999. Geography and economic development. International Regional Science Review 22: 179–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- GDP per Capita (current US$)—Hungary. n.d. Available online: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=HU (accessed on 15 September 2023).
- Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by County and Region [at Purchasers’ Prices, Million HUF]. n.d. Available online: https://www.ksh.hu/stadat_files/gdp/en/gdp0077.html (accessed on 15 September 2023).
- Grzegorzewska, Emilia, and Renata Stasiak-Betlejewska. 2021. International Competitiveness of the Visegrad Group Countries on the Furniture Market. In The Response of the Forest-Based Sector to Changes in the Global Economy. Edited by Jost Mastej. Koper: WoodEMA, pp. 147–52. [Google Scholar]
- Jarosz-Angowska, Aneta, Anna Nowak, Elżbieta Kołodziej, and Hanna Klikocka. 2022. Effect of European Integration on the Competitiveness of the Agricultural Sector in New Member States (EU-13) on the Internal EU Market. Sustainability 14: 13124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kálmán, Botond, and Arnold Tóth. 2021. Links between the economy competitiveness and logistics performance in the Visegrád Group countries: Empirical evidence for the years 2007–2018. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review 9: 169–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krugman, Paul. 1991. Increasing returns and economic geography. Journal of Political Economy 99: 483–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krugman, Paul. 1996. Making Sense of the Competitiveness Debate. Oxford Review of Economic Policy 12: 17–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liao, R. 2017. Supernetwork-Based Risk Management of Customs Logistics Monitoring System. Complex Systems and Complexity Science 14: 39–45. [Google Scholar]
- Logistics Sector in Hungary. n.d. Available online: https://www.flandersinvestmentandtrade.com/export/sites/trade/files/market_studies/2019-Hungary_Logistics.pdf (accessed on 15 September 2023).
- Lomachynska, Iryna, and Ivelyna Podgorna. 2018. Innovation potential: Impact on the national economy competitiveness of the EU developed countries. Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 4: 262–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lomachynska, Iryna, Vitalina Babenko, Olha Yemets, Sergey Yakubovskiy, and Robert Hryhorian. 2020. Impact of the foreign direct investment inflow on the export growth of the Visegrad group countries. Estudios de Economia Aplicada 38: 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lugovoy, Oleg, Vladimir Dashkeev, Ilya Mazayev, Denis Fomchenko, Evgeny Polyakov, and Alfred Hecht. 2007. Analysis of Economic Growth in Regions: Geographical and Institutional Aspect. Available online: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1268088 (accessed on 15 September 2023).
- Minárik, Marek, Stanislav Zábojník, and Janka Pásztorová. 2022. Sources of Value-Added in V4 Automotive GVCs: The Case of Transport and Storage Services and Firm-Level Technology Absorption. Central European Business Review 11: 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nagy, Judit, Judit Oláh, Edina Erdei, Domicián Máté, and József Popp. 2018. The Role and Impact of Industry 4.0 and the Internet of Things on the Business Strategy of the Value Chain—The Case of Hungary. Sustainability 10: 3491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Neuberger, Sabine, Helmut W. Saatkamp, Alfons G. J. M. Oude Lansink, and Dietrich Darr. 2021. Can differences in innovativeness between European cross-border regions be explained by factors impeding cross-border business interaction? PLoS ONE 16: e0258591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nordhaus, William D. 2006. Geography and macroeconomics: New data and new findings. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103: 3510–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oláh, Judit, Attila Bai, György Karmazin, Péter Balogh, and József Popp. 2017a. The Role Played by Trust and Its Effect on the Competiveness of Logistics Service Providers in Hungary. Sustainability 9: 2303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oláh, Judit, György Karmazin, Károly Pető, and József Popp. 2017b. Information technology developments of logistics service providers in Hungary. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Otsuka, Noriko, Felix Christian Günther, Ilaria Tosoni, and Cecilia Braun. 2017. Developing trans-European Railway Corridors: Lessons from the Rhine-Alpine Corridor. Case Studies on Transport Policy 5: 527–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pawera, René, František Vojtech, Michal Levický, and Stanislav Filip. 2020. Effects and motivation of political—economic cooperation between two countries: A case study of Slovakia and Austria. Journal Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues 8: 454–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pinder, David. 2017. Regional Economic Development and Policy: Theory and Practice in the European Community. London: Routledge. [Google Scholar]
- Radosevic, Slavo. 2002. Regional Innovation Systems in Central and Eastern Europe: Determinants, Organizers and Alignments. The Journal of Technology Transfer 27: 87–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rasvanis, Evangelos, and Vassilis Tselios. 2023. Do geography and institutions affect entrepreneurs’ future business plans? Insights from Greece. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 12: 3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Resmini, Laura. 2010. Regional Patterns of Industry Location in Transition Countries: Does Economic Integration with the European Union Matter? Regional Studies 41: 747–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodrik, Dani, Arvind Subramanian, and Francesco Trebbi. 2004. Institutions rule: The primacy of institutions over geography and integration in economic development. Journal of Economic Growth 9: 131–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rymarczyk, Jan. 2020. Technologies, opportunities and challenges of the Industrial Revolution 4.0: Theoretical considerations. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review 8: 185–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Šakalys, Raimondas, and Nijolė Batarlienė. 2017. Research on Intermodal Terminal Interaction in International Transport Corridors. Procedia Engineering 187: 281–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schumann, Tilo, Michael Mönsters, Christian Meirich, and Bärbel Jäger. 2018. NGT CARGO—Concept for a high-speed freight train in Europe. WIT Transactions on the Built Environment 181: 555–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seo, Young Joon, Feilong Chen, and Sae Yeon Roh. 2017. Multimodal Transportation: The Case of Laptop from Chongqing in China to Rotterdam in Europe. Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics 33: 155–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stimson, Robert J., Roger R. Stough, and Brian H. Roberts. 2006. Regional Economic Development: Analysis and Planning Strategy. Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer Science & Business Media. [Google Scholar]
- Szakálné Kanó, Izabella, Balázs Lengyel, Zoltán Elekes, and Imre Lengyel. 2019. Agglomeration, foreign firms and firm exit in regions under transition: The increasing importance of related variety in Hungary. European Planning Studies 27: 2099–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tóth, Bálint L. 2019. The Visegrád Group and the railway development interest articulation in Central Eastern Europe. Eastern Journal of European Studies 10: 175–95. Available online: https://ejes.uaic.ro/articles/EJES2019_1002_TOT.pdf (accessed on 20 September 2023).
- Vámos, Péter. 2022. This is a Favorable Moment for Us to Move Forward with Hungarian–Hungarian-Taiwanese relations. East Central Europe 49: 46–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Fayuan, Rong Wang, and Zhili He. 2022. Exploring the Impact of “Double Cycle” and Industrial Upgrading on Sustainable High-Quality Economic Development: Application of Spatial and Mediation Models. Sustainability 14: 2432. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Włodarczyk, Aneta, and Agata Mesjasz-Lech. 2019. Development of Road Transport Logistic Infrastructure and Air Pollution in the Visegrad Group Countries. Journal of Economic and Social Development 6: 93–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zábojník, Stanislav, Denisa Čiderová, and Daniel Krajčík. 2020. Competitiveness in International Business. Prague: Wolters Kluwer. [Google Scholar]
Information Source | Information Type | Reference |
---|---|---|
World Bank Group | Data on the volume of the gross domestic product of Hungary for 2000–2021. | https://data.worldbank.org (GDP per Capita (current US$)—Hungary n.d.) |
Hungarian Central Statistics Office | Data on the volumes of the gross regional product of individual counties of Hungary for 2000–2021 | https://www.ksh.hu (Gross Domestic Product (GDP) n.d.) |
Flanders Investment and Trade | Hungarian logistics infrastructure data | https://www.flandersinvestmentandtrade.com (Logistics Sector in Hungary n.d.) |
County | Border Region | Railroad | River Ports | Label |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fejer | False | True | False | Fej_R |
Komarom-Esztergom | True | True | True | Kom_BRP |
Veszprem | False | False | False | Ves |
Gyor-Moson-Sopron | True | True | True | Gyo_BRP |
Vas | False | False | False | Vas |
Zala | True | False | False | Zal_B |
Baranya | True | False | False | Bar_B |
Somogy | True | True | False | Som_BR |
Tolna | False | False | True | Tol_P |
Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen | True | True | False | Bor_R |
Heves | False | False | False | Hev |
Nograd | True | False | False | Nog_B |
Hajdu-Bihar | True | True | False | Haj_BR |
Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok | False | False | False | Jas |
Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg | True | True | False | Sza_BR |
Bacs-Kiskun | True | False | True | Bac_BP |
Bekes | True | False | False | Bek_B |
Csongrad-Csanad | True | False | True | Cso_BP |
County | Average GDP, Millions HUF | Share | Average GDP per Capita, Thousands HUF | Share |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gyo_BRP | 1,606,457 | 10.39% | 5617 | 8.37% |
Fej_R | 1,211,227 | 7.84% | 4885 | 7.28% |
Kom_BRP | 905,693 | 5.86% | 4750 | 7.08% |
Vas | 709,333 | 4.59% | 4161 | 6.20% |
Bac_BP | 1,129,583 | 7.31% | 4019 | 5.99% |
Cso_BP | 911,593 | 5.90% | 3805 | 5.67% |
Tol_P | 503,800 | 3.26% | 3752 | 5.59% |
Ves | 775,825 | 5.02% | 3740 | 5.58% |
Hev | 640,197 | 4.14% | 3690 | 5.50% |
Haj_BR | 1,159,666 | 7.50% | 3605 | 5.37% |
Bor_R | 1,324,959 | 8.57% | 3534 | 5.27% |
Zal_B | 665,379 | 4.30% | 3519 | 5.25% |
Jas | 733,397 | 4.74% | 3404 | 5.07% |
Bar_B | 754,868 | 4.88% | 3307 | 4.93% |
Som_BR | 595,362 | 3.85% | 3178 | 4.74% |
Bek_B | 633,023 | 4.10% | 2995 | 4.46% |
Sza_BR | 927,052 | 6.00% | 2885 | 4.30% |
Nog_B | 270,438 | 1.75% | 2237 | 3.33% |
Rank | County | Label | Number of Higher Years |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Fejer | Fej_R | 16 |
2 | Bacs-Kiskun | Bac_BP | 13 |
3 | Gyor-Moson-Sopron | Gyo_BRP | 13 |
4 | Komarom-Esztergom | Kom_BRP | 12 |
5 | Zala | Zal_B | 12 |
6 | Tolna | Tol_P | 10 |
7 | Csongrad-Csanad | Cso_BP | 10 |
8 | Vas | Vas | 10 |
9 | Baranya | Bar_B | 8 |
10 | Heves | Hev | 8 |
11 | Hajdu-Bihar | Haj_BR | 8 |
12 | Veszprem | Ves | 7 |
13 | Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen | Bor_R | 7 |
14 | Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok | Jas | 5 |
15 | Somogy | Som_BR | 3 |
16 | Bekes | Bek_B | 3 |
17 | Nograd | Nog_B | 2 |
18 | Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg | Sza_BR | 2 |
Rank | County | Label | Number of Higher Years |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Bacs-Kiskun | Bac_BP | 11 |
2 | Zala | Zal_B | 11 |
3 | Fejer | Fej_R | 10 |
4 | Tolna | Tol_P | 10 |
5 | Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg | Sza_BR | 10 |
6 | Heves | Hev | 10 |
7 | Komarom-Esztergom | Kom_BRP | 10 |
8 | Csongrad-Csanad | Cso_BP | 10 |
9 | Gyor-Moson-Sopron | Gyo_BRP | 10 |
10 | Somogy | Som_BR | 9 |
11 | Baranya | Bar_B | 9 |
12 | Nograd | Nog_B | 9 |
13 | Hajdu-Bihar | Haj_BR | 9 |
14 | Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen | Bor_R | 9 |
15 | Bekes | Bek_B | 9 |
16 | Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok | Jas | 9 |
17 | Vas | Vas | 8 |
18 | Veszprem | Ves | 7 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Fedorenko, R.; Khmeleva, G.; Kurnikova, M. Border Proximity, Ports, and Railways: Analyzing Their Impact on County-Level Economic Dynamics in Hungary, 2001–2020. Economies 2023, 11, 278. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies11110278
Fedorenko R, Khmeleva G, Kurnikova M. Border Proximity, Ports, and Railways: Analyzing Their Impact on County-Level Economic Dynamics in Hungary, 2001–2020. Economies. 2023; 11(11):278. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies11110278
Chicago/Turabian StyleFedorenko, Roman, Galina Khmeleva, and Marina Kurnikova. 2023. "Border Proximity, Ports, and Railways: Analyzing Their Impact on County-Level Economic Dynamics in Hungary, 2001–2020" Economies 11, no. 11: 278. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies11110278