Dewatering and Treatment of Septage Using Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Phase I
2.2. Phase II
2.3. Experimental Measurements
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characteristics of Raw Septage
3.2. Dewatering Efficiency
3.3. Solids Removal
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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TS (mg L−1) | COD (mg L−1) | TN (mg L−1) |
---|---|---|
Phase I (n = 28) | ||
42,693 ± 29,812 | 35,526 ± 21,002 | 988 ± 381 |
Phase II (n = 18) | ||
9439 ± 6646 | 4549 ± 2477 | 192 ± 104 |
Case * | 100 kg TS m−2 yr−1 (Solids Load = 4.23 kg) | 250 kg TS m−2 yr−1 (Solids Load = 10.58 kg) | 350 kg TS m−2 yr−1 (Solids Load = 14.81 kg) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hydraulic Load (L) | Percentage of Drained Water | Hydraulic Load (L) | Percentage of Drained Water | Hydraulic Load (L) | Percentage of Drained Water | |
A | 133.80 | 69.00% | 334.50 | 46.00% | 563.54 | 38.40% |
B | 202.43 | 67.00% | 506.07 | 37.00% | 207.48 | 34.30% |
C | 110.17 | 58.00% | 275.43 | 40.00% | 283.80 | 23.90% |
D | 112.52 | 63.00% | 281.30 | 47.00% | 521.36 | 26.80% |
E | 112.52 | 65.00% | 281.30 | 49.00% | 954.34 | 17.90% |
F | 183.53 | 77.00% | 458.83 | 64.00% | 153.36 | 26.20% |
G | 303.02 | 57.00% | 757.55 | 49.00% | 258.80 | 17.40% |
H | 167.87 | 59.00% | 419.69 | 42.00% | 98.54 | 11.20% |
I | 159.06 | 73.00% | 397.66 | 34.00% | 552.86 | 15.70% |
J | 55.96 | 66.00% | 139.91 | 41.00% | 417.64 | 16.40% |
K | 114.18 | 79.00% | 285.46 | 53.00% | - | - |
L | 183.95 | 81.00% | 459.87 | 56.00% | - | - |
M | 113.73 | 69.00% | 284.33 | 38.00% | - | - |
N | 98.39 | 63.00% | 245.97 | 33.00% | - | - |
O | 528.85 | 66.00% | 1322.12 | 36.00% | - | - |
P | 311.09 | 65.00% | 777.71 | 32.00% | - | - |
Q | 65.09 | 59.00% | 162.72 | 29.00% | - | - |
R | 54.24 | 62.00% | 135.60 | 53.00% | - | - |
mean ± standard deviation | 167.24 ± 112.57 | 66.56% ± 6.90% | 396.80 ± 285.39 | 43.28% ± 9.21% | 401.22 ± 243.97 | 22.82% ± 8.27% |
Case * | Deposit Thickness (m) | Solids Load (g) | Percentage of Drained Water |
---|---|---|---|
50A | 0.03 | 390 | 62.48% |
50B | 0.04 | 445 | 67.43% |
50C | 0.10 | 1200 | 24.49% |
50D | 0.06 | 735 | 76.77% |
mean ± standard deviation | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 692.50 ± 320.98 | 57.79% ± 19.90% |
75A | 0.05 | 120 | 68.14% |
75B | 0.06 | 360 | 71.92% |
75C | 0.07 | 105 | 85.87% |
75D | 0.05 | 795 | 80.55% |
mean ± standard deviation | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 345.00 ± 278.81 | 76.62% ± 6.98% |
100A | 0.06 | 1280 | 73.41% |
100B | 0.05 | 460 | 70.10% |
100C | 0.08 | 1260 | 46.94% |
100D | 0.03 | 1950 | 47.59% |
mean ± standard deviation | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 1237.50 ± 278.81 | 59.51% ± 12.30% |
125A | 0.12 | 1188 | 14.57% |
125B | 0.09 | 525 | 9.72% |
125C | 0.12 | 1200 | 11.04% |
125D | 0.05 | 2325 | 56.43% |
mean ± standard deviation | 0.10 ± 0.03 | 1309.50 ± 646.81 | 22.94% ± 19.42% |
150A | 0.03 | 480 | 81.37% |
150B | 0.04 | 225 | 35.67% |
mean ± standard deviation | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 352.50 ± 127.50 | 58.52% ± 22.85% |
Case * | 100 kg m−2 yr−1 (Solids Load = 4.23 kg) | 250 kg m−2 yr−1 (Solids Load = 10.58 kg) | 350 kg m−2 yr−1 (Solids Load = 14.81 kg) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TS Removal | COD Removal | TN Removal | TS Removal | COD Removal | TN Removal | TS Removal | COD Removal | TN Removal | |
A | 90.07% | 93.12% | 82.69% | 93.11 | 95.28% | 87.31% | 96.63% | 89.96% | 82.41% |
B | 88.38% | 95.93% | 87.44% | 93.02 | 97.43% | 92.82% | 97.53% | 97.95% | 95.40% |
C | 93.12% | 99.13% | 79.45% | 94.84 | 98.80% | 85.21% | 98.25% | 98.98% | 94.48% |
D | 95.98% | 99.31% | 86.61% | 97.00 | 99.01% | 88.63% | 97.49% | 97.75% | 95.06% |
E | 96.74% | 99.23% | 91.59% | 96.52 | 99.57% | 93.33% | 96.09% | 97.25% | 92.76% |
F | 95.99% | 98.56% | 89.46% | 94.33 | 96.60% | 91.10% | 99.59% | 99.73% | 96.35% |
G | 95.10% | 98.43% | 92.85% | 94.96 | 96.45% | 90.79% | 99.29% | 99.52% | 96.73% |
H | 95.22% | 99.68% | 88.57% | 95.75 | 95.71% | 84.28% | 99.91% | 99.92% | 98.92% |
I | 94.48% | 93.35% | 75.27% | 97.28 | 94.41% | 85.74% | 97.94% | 99.69% | 98.22% |
J | 95.81% | 98.74% | 95.33% | 91.11 | 87.86% | 95.94% | 98.25% | 99.50% | 96.54% |
K | 93.41% | 96.25% | 82.91% | 97.84 | 96.16% | 87.54% | - | - | - |
L | 88.59% | 95.89% | 70.24% | 96.25 | 96.41% | 70.70% | - | - | - |
M | 93.62% | 97.13% | 92.37% | 95.35 | 97.38% | 96.85% | - | - | - |
N | 95.62% | 97.11% | 84.67% | 96.74 | 96.47% | 84.49% | - | - | - |
O | 72.74% | 92.51% | 88.49% | 93.02 | 92.79% | 92.26% | - | - | - |
P | 86.64% | 99.29% | 89.29% | 95.11 | 99.41% | 92.97% | - | - | - |
Q | 98.05% | 98.71% | 85.32% | 99.04 | 98.02% | 90.86% | - | - | - |
R | 98.61% | 98.76% | 84.33% | 98.52 | 96.88% | 79.48% | - | - | - |
mean ± standard deviation | 92.68% ± 5.84% | 97.28% ± 2.25% | 85.94% ± 5.96% | 95.54% ± 2.05% | 96.37% ± 2.67% | 88.35% ± 5.94% | 98.10% ± 1.18% | 98.03% ± 2.83% | 94.69% ± 4.22% |
Case * | TS Removal | COD Removal | TN Removal |
---|---|---|---|
50A | 92.35% | 97.75% | 68.22% |
50B | 93.20% | 98.87% | 92.08% |
50C | 98.14% | 99.00% | 95.10% |
50D | 94.23% | 98.22% | 94.14% |
mean ± standard deviation | 94.48% ± 2.25% | 98.46% ± 0.51% | 87.39% ± 11.12% |
75A | 90.02% | 92.95% | 96.56% |
75B | 79.72% | 83.79% | 80.87% |
75C | 78.30% | 87.32% | 77.32% |
75D | 95.21% | 88.49% | 96.57% |
mean ± standard deviation | 85.81% ± 7.06% | 88.14% ± 3.27% | 87.83% ± 8.82% |
100A | 92.28% | 94.98% | 83.37% |
100B | 86.42% | 99.36% | 97.92% |
100C | 93.18% | 97.08% | 89.52% |
100D | 98.06% | 98.42% | 95.59% |
mean ± standard deviation | 92.49% ± 4.13% | 97.46% ± 1.65% | 91.60% ± 5.66% |
125A | 99.65% | 99.91% | 96.96% |
125B | 96.99% | 99.61% | 96.99% |
125C | 98.47% | 99.77% | 98.03% |
125D | 96.96% | 96.70% | 91.51% |
mean ± standard deviation | 98.02% ± 1.12% | 99.00% ± 1.33% | 96.62% ± 3.15% |
150A | 76.17% | 90.02% | 76.84% |
150B | 84.82% | 93.18% | 83.80% |
mean ± standard deviation | 80.30% ± 4.13% | 91.60% ± 1.58% | 81.82% ± 1.98% |
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Tan, Y.Y.; Tang, F.E.; Ho, C.L.I.; Jong, V.S.W. Dewatering and Treatment of Septage Using Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands. Technologies 2017, 5, 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies5040070
Tan YY, Tang FE, Ho CLI, Jong VSW. Dewatering and Treatment of Septage Using Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands. Technologies. 2017; 5(4):70. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies5040070
Chicago/Turabian StyleTan, Yee Yong, Fu Ee Tang, Carrie Lee Ing Ho, and Valerie Siew Wee Jong. 2017. "Dewatering and Treatment of Septage Using Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands" Technologies 5, no. 4: 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies5040070
APA StyleTan, Y. Y., Tang, F. E., Ho, C. L. I., & Jong, V. S. W. (2017). Dewatering and Treatment of Septage Using Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands. Technologies, 5(4), 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies5040070