Development of a Wearable Sensor Algorithm to Detect the Quantity and Kinematic Characteristics of Infant Arm Movement Bouts Produced across a Full Day in the Natural Environment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedures
2.3. Algorithm Development
2.4. Acceleration Rejection Threshold Determination. Detrending and Rectification
2.5. Filtering and Threshold Determination
2.6. Angular Velocity Rejection Threshold Determination. Detrending and Rectification
2.7. Filtering and Bout Threshold Determination
2.8. Arm Movement Bout Detection
2.9. Algorithm Performance: Counting Number of Bouts of Arm Movement
2.10. Type of Movement
2.11. Kinematic Characteristics
2.12. Acceleration Area
2.13. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Algorithm Performance
3.2. Number of Bouts
3.3. Type of Movement
3.4. Kinematic Characteristics
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Infant | Visit | Age (Days) | Awake Time (Hours) | Acceleration Area Left | Acceleration Area Right | Total Bouts Left (Number) | Bout Type: Left Only (Number) | Bout Type: Left with Right for Portion of Bout (Number) | Bout Type: Left with Right for Entire Bout (Number) | Total Bouts Right (Number) | Bout Type: Right Only (Number) | Bout Type: Right with Left for Portion of Bout (Number) | Bout Type: Right with Left for Entire Bout (Number) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | 60 | 9.3 | 55,715 | 55,419 | 2326 | 1126 | 790 | 410 | 2491 | 1288 | 781 | 422 |
2 | 94 | 6.1 | 109,295 | 101,822 | 2783 | 1195 | 987 | 601 | 2758 | 1216 | 1034 | 508 | |
3 | 126 | 9.3 | 102,163 | 110,379 | 3242 | 1443 | 1169 | 630 | 3591 | 1774 | 1201 | 616 | |
4 | 161 | 8.4 | 243,714 | 154,263 | 4019 | 1584 | 1695 | 740 | 4140 | 1568 | 1595 | 977 | |
5 | 191 | 9.0 | 204,974 | 176,775 | 4001 | 1662 | 1512 | 827 | 4002 | 1656 | 1555 | 791 | |
2 | 1 | 113 | 8.0 | 194,156 | 172,301 | 4224 | 1648 | 1750 | 826 | 4308 | 1654 | 1597 | 1057 |
2 | 138 | 7.2 | 164,813 | 185,299 | 3919 | 1358 | 1596 | 965 | 3939 | 1482 | 1617 | 840 | |
3 | 173 | 7.2 | 194,881 | 151,906 | 3904 | 1674 | 1314 | 916 | 3558 | 1389 | 1438 | 731 | |
3 | 1 | 128 | 8.6 | 296,547 | 310,820 | 5382 | 1887 | 2113 | 1382 | 5112 | 1753 | 2290 | 1069 |
2 | 160 | 8.2 | 296,786 | 280,371 | 4636 | 1870 | 1860 | 906 | 3820 | 1133 | 1778 | 909 | |
3 | 189 | 8.1 | 332,616 | 297,343 | 4885 | 2147 | 1832 | 906 | 4604 | 1866 | 1754 | 984 | |
4 | 1 | 130 | 8.0 | 216,062 | 255,311 | 4372 | 1712 | 1698 | 962 | 4410 | 1799 | 1726 | 885 |
2 | 158 | 5.9 | 122,224 | 102,956 | 2166 | 874 | 877 | 415 | 2196 | 811 | 858 | 527 | |
3 | 192 | 5.0 | 139,128 | 97,527 | 2030 | 775 | 857 | 398 | 2355 | 1066 | 803 | 486 | |
5 | 1 | 131 | 8.0 | 152,452 | 164,041 | 3944 | 1555 | 1379 | 1010 | 3537 | 1396 | 1490 | 651 |
2 | 165 | 5.9 | 184,351 | 132,371 | 3051 | 1114 | 1279 | 658 | 3099 | 1165 | 1242 | 692 | |
3 | 194 | 8.4 | 233,834 | 167,870 | 5020 | 2201 | 1666 | 1153 | 4266 | 1664 | 1802 | 800 | |
6 | 1 | 94 | 8.1 | 214,226 | 162,435 | 3917 | 1444 | 1632 | 841 | 3746 | 1314 | 1596 | 836 |
2 | 128 | 8.1 | 373,701 | 240,609 | 6320 | 2393 | 2674 | 1253 | 5902 | 1965 | 2483 | 1454 | |
3 | 155 | 8.7 | 329,202 | 344,689 | 5921 | 2740 | 1909 | 1272 | 4860 | 1874 | 2029 | 957 | |
7 | 1 | 79 | 6.4 | 259,136 | 224,860 | 1790 | 588 | 697 | 505 | 2050 | 868 | 805 | 377 |
2 | 104 | 5.5 | 145,214 | 95,116 | 2148 | 828 | 849 | 471 | 2260 | 986 | 886 | 388 | |
3 | 139 | 7.0 | 132,645 | 117,248 | 2672 | 1099 | 950 | 623 | 2382 | 915 | 1052 | 415 | |
8 | 1 | 49 | 7.3 | 212,830 | 146,430 | 3138 | 1628 | 928 | 582 | 2794 | 1299 | 930 | 565 |
2 | 78 | 7.9 | 175,388 | 166,622 | 3229 | 1527 | 1169 | 533 | 3762 | 1943 | 1186 | 633 | |
3 | 108 | 8.6 | 316,156 | 315,490 | 3913 | 1694 | 1417 | 802 | 4377 | 2137 | 1477 | 763 | |
9 | 1 | 132 | 5.7 | 207,620 | 181,761 | 2618 | 1004 | 1128 | 486 | 2704 | 965 | 1021 | 718 |
2 | 168 | 9.3 | 301,681 | 381,848 | 4439 | 1697 | 1658 | 1084 | 4867 | 1966 | 1694 | 1207 | |
3 | 203 | 7.0 | 157,550 | 125,030 | 2723 | 1300 | 820 | 603 | 2727 | 1345 | 928 | 454 | |
10 | 1 | 40 | 8.1 | 144,204 | 154,457 | 2963 | 1302 | 1001 | 660 | 2769 | 1141 | 1003 | 625 |
2 | 70 | 8.8 | 281,301 | 326,961 | 4204 | 1659 | 1604 | 941 | 4397 | 1895 | 1638 | 864 | |
3 | 97 | 8.1 | 257,067 | 274,005 | 3676 | 1397 | 1420 | 859 | 3677 | 1403 | 1432 | 842 | |
4 | 135 | 7.5 | 137,842 | 166,236 | 2734 | 956 | 1094 | 684 | 2899 | 1138 | 1128 | 633 | |
5 | 162 | 7.5 | 194,881 | 225,728 | 2842 | 1187 | 957 | 698 | 3262 | 1652 | 1118 | 492 | |
6 | 196 | 8.5 | 368,220 | 311,846 | 4006 | 1635 | 1503 | 868 | 4220 | 1813 | 1604 | 803 | |
11 | 1 | 131 | 8.4 | 223,325 | 153,311 | 3267 | 1188 | 1426 | 653 | 3658 | 1487 | 1396 | 775 |
2 | 160 | 8.9 | 350,880 | 319,955 | 5857 | 2871 | 1948 | 1038 | 5025 | 2063 | 1936 | 1026 | |
3 | 193 | 8.8 | 202,446 | 185,489 | 4376 | 2102 | 1429 | 845 | 4207 | 2004 | 1548 | 655 | |
12 | 1 | 91 | 6.5 | 164,559 | 133,873 | 3767 | 1159 | 1518 | 1090 | 3894 | 1193 | 1627 | 1074 |
2 | 126 | 6.7 | 190,355 | 147,707 | 3435 | 1117 | 1490 | 828 | 3807 | 1441 | 1553 | 813 | |
3 | 153 | 8.3 | 266,442 | 274,558 | 3325 | 1202 | 1433 | 690 | 3962 | 1816 | 1485 | 661 | |
13 | 1 | 96 | 8.3 | 205,658 | 181,497 | 4170 | 1420 | 1772 | 978 | 4424 | 1698 | 1820 | 906 |
2 | 126 | 4.1 | 121,324 | 71,953 | 1964 | 672 | 819 | 473 | 1901 | 629 | 824 | 448 | |
3 | 159 | 3.3 | 259,972 | 122,373 | 1693 | 498 | 607 | 588 | 1613 | 596 | 711 | 306 | |
4 | 193 | 3.6 | 141,730 | 129,298 | 2278 | 746 | 889 | 643 | 2125 | 652 | 978 | 495 | |
14 | 1 | 106 | 7.6 | 171,517 | 123,718 | 3983 | 1464 | 1533 | 986 | 3821 | 1474 | 1697 | 650 |
2 | 145 | 10.0 | 307,196 | 257,059 | 5210 | 1903 | 2111 | 1196 | 5193 | 1917 | 2155 | 1121 | |
3 | 174 | 8.6 | 294,043 | 234,330 | 5255 | 2066 | 2109 | 1080 | 5063 | 1914 | 2180 | 969 | |
15 | 1 | 109 | 7.6 | 293,670 | 281,731 | 5743 | 2102 | 2281 | 1360 | 5671 | 2125 | 2271 | 1275 |
2 | 149 | 9.2 | 336,525 | 208,733 | 6774 | 3140 | 2409 | 1225 | 5499 | 1945 | 2263 | 1291 | |
3 | 179 | 8.9 | 330,367 | 333,966 | 6769 | 2645 | 2827 | 1297 | 7113 | 2893 | 2733 | 1487 | |
16 | 1 | 65 | 10.1 | 154,081 | 120,320 | 3958 | 2104 | 1295 | 559 | 4680 | 2781 | 1231 | 668 |
2 | 93 | 7.5 | 82,914 | 129,435 | 2353 | 951 | 971 | 431 | 3826 | 2240 | 938 | 648 | |
3 | 121 | 8.4 | 170,686 | 129,842 | 2309 | 846 | 990 | 473 | 2923 | 1363 | 1041 | 519 | |
4 | 149 | 9.2 | 222,313 | 338,706 | 3953 | 2124 | 1225 | 604 | 3497 | 1584 | 1114 | 799 | |
17 | 1 | 38 | 10.4 | 186,933 | 204,148 | 3987 | 1595 | 1576 | 816 | 3989 | 1520 | 1482 | 987 |
2 | 72 | 10.4 | 327,534 | 269,737 | 4910 | 1832 | 1960 | 1118 | 4937 | 1785 | 1982 | 1170 | |
3 | 100 | 9.9 | 338,695 | 320,021 | 6006 | 2242 | 2594 | 1170 | 6017 | 2145 | 2406 | 1466 | |
4 | 133 | 8.3 | 238,994 | 219,733 | 4068 | 1385 | 1832 | 851 | 4894 | 2031 | 1829 | 1034 | |
5 | 159 | 9.8 | 319,265 | 362,508 | 4659 | 1735 | 1788 | 1136 | 4634 | 1803 | 1768 | 1063 | |
6 | 190 | 9.4 | 328,468 | 314,207 | 5478 | 2402 | 2028 | 1048 | 4995 | 1939 | 1995 | 1061 | |
18 | 1 | 107 | 10.3 | 158,525 | 173,526 | 3828 | 1916 | 1139 | 773 | 3548 | 1716 | 1336 | 496 |
2 | 140 | 7.6 | 149,758 | 119,284 | 3002 | 1482 | 1015 | 505 | 2922 | 1351 | 1048 | 523 | |
3 | 168 | 9.6 | 231,146 | 188,059 | 3287 | 1543 | 1213 | 531 | 3622 | 1833 | 1133 | 656 | |
19 | 1 | 135 | 11.5 | 259,696 | 202,839 | 5313 | 2675 | 1607 | 1031 | 4768 | 2175 | 1687 | 906 |
2 | 165 | 9.7 | 220,708 | 153,669 | 4602 | 1931 | 1379 | 677 | 4580 | 1457 | 1307 | 767 | |
3 | 194 | 8.9 | 207,079 | 199,449 | 3987 | 2188 | 1544 | 870 | 3531 | 2201 | 1616 | 763 | |
20 | 1 | 72 | 9.0 | 174,939 | 163,847 | 4287 | 1908 | 1563 | 816 | 4296 | 1918 | 1546 | 832 |
2 | 100 | 9.0 | 158,163 | 147,436 | 3960 | 2012 | 1264 | 684 | 3567 | 1655 | 1292 | 620 | |
3 | 136 | 8.7 | 142,320 | 146,028 | 3386 | 1215 | 1471 | 700 | 4241 | 1980 | 1515 | 746 | |
4 | 168 | 7.9 | 174,443 | 164,425 | 3721 | 1783 | 1368 | 570 | 3956 | 1964 | 1341 | 651 | |
21 | 1 | 196 | 8.4 | 289,408 | 294,277 | 4467 | 1852 | 1830 | 785 | 5430 | 2607 | 1749 | 1074 |
22 | 1 | 203 | 10.0 | 211,167 | 188,905 | 4903 | 2054 | 1896 | 953 | 5288 | 2274 | 1876 | 1138 |
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Trujillo-Priego, I.A.; Lane, C.J.; Vanderbilt, D.L.; Deng, W.; Loeb, G.E.; Shida, J.; Smith, B.A. Development of a Wearable Sensor Algorithm to Detect the Quantity and Kinematic Characteristics of Infant Arm Movement Bouts Produced across a Full Day in the Natural Environment. Technologies 2017, 5, 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies5030039
Trujillo-Priego IA, Lane CJ, Vanderbilt DL, Deng W, Loeb GE, Shida J, Smith BA. Development of a Wearable Sensor Algorithm to Detect the Quantity and Kinematic Characteristics of Infant Arm Movement Bouts Produced across a Full Day in the Natural Environment. Technologies. 2017; 5(3):39. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies5030039
Chicago/Turabian StyleTrujillo-Priego, Ivan A., Christianne J. Lane, Douglas L. Vanderbilt, Weiyang Deng, Gerald E. Loeb, Joanne Shida, and Beth A. Smith. 2017. "Development of a Wearable Sensor Algorithm to Detect the Quantity and Kinematic Characteristics of Infant Arm Movement Bouts Produced across a Full Day in the Natural Environment" Technologies 5, no. 3: 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies5030039