Comparison of Shallow (−20 °C) and Deep Cryogenic Treatment (−196 °C) to Enhance the Properties of a Mg/2wt.%CeO2 Nanocomposite
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials Processing
2.2. Characterization
2.2.1. Density and Porosity
2.2.2. Microstructure
2.2.3. Thermal Properties
2.2.4. Mechanical Properties
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Density and Porosity Measurements
3.2. Microstructure
3.3. Thermal Response
Composition | Ignition Temperature (°C) |
---|---|
Pure Mg | 580 |
Mg-2CeO2 (AE) | 636 |
Mg-2CeO2 (RF) | 635 (↓1) |
Mg-2CeO2 (LN) | 674 (↑38) |
AZ31 a | 628 |
AZ61 a | 559 |
WE43 a | 644 |
AZ91 a | 600 |
ZK40A a | 500 |
ZK60A a | 499 |
AM50 a | 585 |
AZ81A a | 543 |
3.4. Mechanical Response
Composition/ Treatment | 0.2 CYS (MPa) | UCS (MPa) | Fracture Strain (%) | Energy Absorbed (MJ/mm3) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pure Mg | 63 ± 4 | 278 ± 5 | 24 ± 1 | 45 |
Mg-2CeO2 (AE) | 178 ± 19 | 473 ± 16 | 16.5 ± 0.7 | 44 ± 2 |
Mg-2CeO2 (RF) | 186 ± 17(↑5%) | 441 ± 12(↓7%) | 29.1 ± 1.0 (↑76%) | 73 ± 4 (↑65%) |
Mg-2CeO2 (LN) | 203 ± 5 (↑14%) | 452 ± 15 (↓4%) | 29.7 ± 1.2 (↑80%) | 76 ± 6 (↑72%) |
Mg-2Nd-4Zn a | 242 | 502 | 8 | NA |
AM50 | 110 | 312 | 11.5 | |
AZ91D | 130 | 300 | 12.4 | |
AZ31 | NR | 250 | 28 | |
Mg-5Zn/5BG | NR | 112.8 | NR | |
WE43 | 261 ± 16 | 420 ± 13 | 16.3 ± 1.0 | |
WE43 + Apatite | 229 ± 6 | 380.1 ± 9.0 | 11.7 ± 0.5 | |
ME21 | 87 | 260 | 25 | |
WE54 | 210 | 325 | 27 | |
ZK60 | 159 | 472 | 12.4 | |
Mg4Zn3Gd1Ca | 260 ± 3 | 585 ± 18 | 12.6 ± 0.3 | |
Mg4Zn3Gd1Ca-ZnO | 355 ± 5 | 703 ± 40 | 10.6 ± 0.3 |
4. Conclusions
- The porosity reduction of ~10.4% and ~43.3% was observed when compared with the AE samples when the samples were exposed to −20 °C (RF) and −196 °C (LN), respectively.
- The DSC studies revealed the release of residual stresses in the case of the LN samples but not for the AE and RF samples.
- The ignition temperature of the LN samples improved by 38 °C but decreased by only 1 °C for the RF samples when compared to the AE samples.
- When exposed to shallow cryogenic treatment (−20 °C), the Mg-2CeO2 nanocomposite showed a ~5%, ~76%, and ~65% increment in the 0.2 CYS, fracture strain, and energy absorption values, respectively, as compared to the untreated samples. By comparison, when exposed to deep cryogenic treatment (−196 °C), the Mg-2CeO2 nanocomposite showed a ~14%, ~80%, and ~72% increment in the 0.2 CYS, fracture strain, and energy absorption values, respectively, as compared to the untreated samples. Overall, the UCS values for both conditions were slightly lower than the untreated conditions.
- The fracture surfaces of the AE, RF, and LN samples did not reveal any noticeable difference at the visual level (45 ° shear fracture). The RF and LN samples showed a higher degree of surface roughness, indicating a higher fracture strain when compared to the AE samples.
- The future outlook for the expansion of this field of research will be to focus in depth on the mechanism behind the improvement of the properties in a cryogenic setting and to identify suitable lightweight magnesium materials that can be suitable for such applications and to engineer them for high cryogenic performance.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Theoretical Density (g·cm−3) | Before CT | After CT | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Experimental Density (g·cm−3) | Porosity (%) | Experimental Density (g·cm−3) | Porosity (%) | Change in Porosity (%) | ||
Pure Mg a | 1.7380 | 1.732 ± 0.0005 | 0.3190 | – | – | |
Mg-2CeO2 (AE) | 1.7648 | 1.745 ± 0.002 | 1.099 | – | – | |
Mg-2CeO2 (RF) | 1.7648 | 1.7454 ± 0.008 | 1.102 | 1.7474 ± 0.001 | 0.9875 | ↓10.4 |
Mg-2CeO2 (LN) | 1.7648 | 1.7476 ± 0.0009 | 0.9764 | 1.755 ± 0.002 | 0.5445 | ↓43.3 |
Composition | Grain Size (µm) | Aspect Ratio |
---|---|---|
Pure Mg | 21 ± 0.8 | 1.4 ± 0.2 |
Mg-2CeO2 (AE) | 2 ± 0.6 | 1.4 ± 0.3 |
Mg-2CeO2 (RF) | 2.9 ± 1.0 | 1.3 ± 0.2 |
Mg-2CeO2 (LN) | 2.8 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 0.3 |
Composition/Treatment | Microhardness (HV) |
---|---|
Pure Mg | 55 ± 3 |
Mg-2CeO2 (AE) | 74 ± 3 |
Mg-2CeO2 (RF) | 89 ± 5 (↑20%) |
Mg-2CeO2 (LN) | 92 ± 4 (↑24%) |
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Gupta, S.; Parande, G.; Gupta, M. Comparison of Shallow (−20 °C) and Deep Cryogenic Treatment (−196 °C) to Enhance the Properties of a Mg/2wt.%CeO2 Nanocomposite. Technologies 2024, 12, 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies12020014
Gupta S, Parande G, Gupta M. Comparison of Shallow (−20 °C) and Deep Cryogenic Treatment (−196 °C) to Enhance the Properties of a Mg/2wt.%CeO2 Nanocomposite. Technologies. 2024; 12(2):14. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies12020014
Chicago/Turabian StyleGupta, Shwetabh, Gururaj Parande, and Manoj Gupta. 2024. "Comparison of Shallow (−20 °C) and Deep Cryogenic Treatment (−196 °C) to Enhance the Properties of a Mg/2wt.%CeO2 Nanocomposite" Technologies 12, no. 2: 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies12020014