The Holby–Morgan Model of Platinum Catalyst Degradation in PEM Fuel Cells: Range of Feasible Parameters Achieved Using Voltage Cycling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Platinum is fully dissolved from catalyst;
- Platinum surface is fully covered by oxide;
- Platinum nano-particles, which were initially uniformly distributed, agglomerate in a single band in the middle of the catalyst layer.
2. Materials
3. Methods
4. Results
5. Discussion
- For basis values of the model parameters, the critical value of maximum feasible temperatures is about 110 °C.
- ECSA ratio loss rate in (14) increases monotonically with the increase in the temperature in the feasible range.
- For the temperature fixed at °C, the maximum value for feasible pH is around 1.4.
- Active area RLR decreases monotonically with the increase in pH within the feasible range 0–1.4.
- For pH = 0 fixed, tested diameters of platinum particles are feasible when larger than the minimum of 2 nm.
- ECSA RLR decreases monotonically when increasing the Pt diameter in the range of 2–10 nm.
- drops significantly for less than 2.5 nm, and shows few changes for larger than 5 nm.
- For nm fixed, ECSA RLR decreases monotonically when increasing the Pt particle loading within all tested ranges of 0–10 mg/cm.
- shows a larger drop for 0–1 mg/cm than for 1–10 mg/cm, where it is close to a linear relationship.
- For mg/cm fixed, the platinum to carbon volume fraction has the minimum of 0.002 for feasible values.
- ECSA RLR raises monotonically with the increase in the Pt/C volume fraction within the feasible range of 0.002–1.
- lifts significantly for , and changes very little for .
6. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
2D/3D | Two/three dimensions |
AST | Accelerated stress test |
BoL/EoL | Beginning/end of life |
C | Carbon |
CL | Catalyst layer |
CV | Cyclic voltammetry |
ECSA | Electrochemical surface area |
FC | Fuel cell |
FCH JU | Fuel cell and hydrogen joint undertaking |
GDL | Gas diffusion layer |
HOR | Hydrogen oxidation reaction |
LPL/UPL | Lower/upper potential level |
MEA | Membrane electrode assembly |
OAT | One parameter at a time |
ORR | Oxygen reduction reaction |
PEM | Polymer electrolyte membrane/proton exchange membrane |
PEMFC | Polymer electrolyte fuel cell |
pH | Potential of hydrogen |
PSD | Particle size distribution |
Pt/PtO/Pt | Platinum/platinum oxide/platinum ion |
Pt/C | Platinum on carbon |
RLR | Ratio loss rate |
RH | Relative humidity |
SW/TW | Square/triangle wave |
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Symbol | Value | Units | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Hz | Dissolution attempt frequency | ||
Hz | Backward dissolution rate factor | ||
0.5 | Butler transfer coefficient for Pt dissolution | ||
n | 2 | Electrons transferred during Pt dissolution | |
1.118 | V | Pt dissolution bulk equilibrium voltage | |
9.09 | cm/mol | Molar volume of Pt | |
J/cm | Pt [1 1 1] surface tension | ||
1 | mol/cm | Reference Pt ion concentration | |
J/mol | partial molar Pt dissolution activation enthalpy | ||
cm/s | Diffusion coefficient of Pt ion in the membrane | ||
Hz | Forward Pt oxide formation rate constant | ||
Hz | Backward Pt oxide formation rate constant | ||
mol/cm | Pt surface site density | ||
0.5 | Butler transfer coefficient for PtO formation | ||
2 | Electrons transferred during Pt oxide formation | ||
0.8 | V | Pt oxide formation bulk equilibrium voltage | |
J/mol | Pt oxide dependent kinetic barrier constant | ||
J/mol | Pt oxide-oxide interaction energy | ||
J/mol | Partial molar oxide formation activation enthalpy |
Symbol | Value | Units | Description |
---|---|---|---|
T | 353.15 | K | Temperature |
0 | Potential of hydrogen | ||
cm | Pt particle diameter | ||
g/cm | Pt particles loading | ||
0.02 | Pt/C volume fraction | ||
21.45 | g/cm | Pt particles density |
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Kovtunenko, V.A. The Holby–Morgan Model of Platinum Catalyst Degradation in PEM Fuel Cells: Range of Feasible Parameters Achieved Using Voltage Cycling. Technologies 2023, 11, 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies11060184
Kovtunenko VA. The Holby–Morgan Model of Platinum Catalyst Degradation in PEM Fuel Cells: Range of Feasible Parameters Achieved Using Voltage Cycling. Technologies. 2023; 11(6):184. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies11060184
Chicago/Turabian StyleKovtunenko, Victor A. 2023. "The Holby–Morgan Model of Platinum Catalyst Degradation in PEM Fuel Cells: Range of Feasible Parameters Achieved Using Voltage Cycling" Technologies 11, no. 6: 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies11060184