PHB/PEG Nanofiber Mat Obtained by Electrospinning and Their Performances
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Sample Preparation (Fabrication of PHB/PEG Nanofiber Mat)
2.3. Characterization of PHB/PEG Nanofibers Mat
2.3.1. Morphology of Electrospun PHB Fibers
2.3.2. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
2.3.3. Thermal Properties
2.3.4. XRD Analysis
2.3.5. The Porosity of the PHB/PEG Nanofiber Mat
2.3.6. Mechanical Properties
2.3.7. Water Contact Angle Measurement
3. Results
3.1. Morphology of Electrospun PHB Fibers
3.2. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
3.3. Thermal Properties
3.4. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Analysis
3.5. Crystalline Structure
3.6. The Porosity of the PHB/PEG Nanofiber Mat
3.7. The Mechanical Properties of the PHB/PEG Nanofiber Mat
3.8. Water Contact Angle
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Tonset 1, °C | Td,1, °C | Weight Loss Rate, %/°C | Tonset 2, °C | Td,2, °C | Weight Loss Rate, %/°C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PHB pellet | 265.3 | 285.3 | 6.1 | |||
PHB fiber (8%) | 228.9 | 251.4 | 5.6 | |||
PHB 8% + PEG 1% | 224.3 | 244.7 | 4.5 | 377.0 | 396.6 | 0.3 |
PHB 8% + PEG 2% | 224.2 | 243.3 | 4.0 | 381.7 | 408.6 | 0.6 |
PHB 8% + PEG 3% | 222.3 | 241.8 | 3.1 | 383.0 | 408.7 | 0.8 |
PHB 8% + PEG 4% | 219.8 | 237.3 | 3.0 | 381.9 | 409.5 | 1.0 |
PEG pellet | - | - | - | 388.8 | 411.7 | 3.5 |
Sample | Tg, °C | Tm,PEG, °C | ΔHm,PEG, J/g | Tm,PHB, °C | ΔHm,PHB, J/g | ΧDSC, % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PEG | PHB | ||||||||
First heating | |||||||||
PHB pellet | 1.4 | - | - | 125.4 | 142.3 | 56.0 | - | 38.3 | |
PHB fiber (8%) | 3.8 | - | - | 110.8 | 133.0 | 39.0 | - | 26.7 | |
PHB (8%) + PEG (1%) | −1.0 | - | 62.2 | 17.0 | 115.1 | 136.3 | 35.1 | 72.4 | 27.1 |
PHB (8%) + PEG (2%) | −0.1 | 55.1 | 60.4 | 38.4 | 112.2 | 133.0 | 31.5 | 90.8 | 26.9 |
PHB (8%) + PEG (3%) | −1.1 | 55.7 | 61.6 | 53.0 | 111.0 | 131.5 | 29.1 | 92.0 | 27.4 |
PHB (8%) + PEG (4%) | 3.5 | 55.5 | 62.3 | 65.0 | 112.8 | 133.0 | 26.2 | 92.2 | 26.9 |
PEG pellet | - | 70.5 | 211.4 | - | - | 100 | - | ||
Second heating | |||||||||
Pellet PHB | 0.1 | - | - | - | 128.4 | 142.5 | 43.5 | - | 29.8 |
PHB fiber (8%) | −2.7 | - | - | - | 121.7 | 135.3 | 44.1 | - | 28.2 |
PHB (8%)/PEG (1%) | −5.0 | 53.8 | 60.4 | 8.0 | 121.8 | 134.7 | 34.4 | 33.9 | 29.9 |
PHB (8%)/PEG (2%) | −3.9 | 54.3 | 61.8 | 35.5 | 124.6 | 136.7 | 34.3 | 83.9 | 28.4 |
PHB (8%)/PEG (3%) | −3.1 | 54.8 | 61.9 | 49.3 | 119.7 | 133.0 | 30.4 | 85.5 | 28.5 |
PHB (8%)/PEG (4%) | −1.3 | 55.5 | 62.7 | 60.4 | 118.1 | 131.8 | 27.0 | 85.7 | 28.5 |
Pellet PEG | - | 67.3 | 200.7 | - | 100 | - |
Sample Code | Tc,PEG, °C | ΔHc,PEG, J/g | Tc,PHB, °C | ΔHc,PHB, J/g |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pellet PHB | - | - | 89.8 | 40.1 |
PHB (8%) | - | - | 92.2 | 44.6 |
PHB (8%)/PEG (1%) | −24.7 | 7.4 | 92.9 | 44.7 |
PHB (8%)/PEG (2%) | −19.1 | 16.2 | 93.0 | 32.1 |
PHB (8%)/PEG (3%) | −21.6 | 5.4 | 90.2 | 28.3 |
32.2 | 28.7 | |||
PHB (8%)/PEG (4%) | −21.6 | 2.7 | 88.8 | 23.3 |
37.0 | 44.0 | |||
Pellet PEG | 42.6 | 196.7 | - | - |
Sample Code | XXRD, % | XDSC, % |
---|---|---|
PHB (8%) | 28.9 | 26.7 |
PHB (8%)/PEG (1%) | 17.5 | 27.1 |
PHB (8%)/PEG (2%) | 18.1 | 26.9 |
PHB (8%)/PEG (3%) | 26.8 | 27.4 |
PHB (8%)/PEG (4%) | 29.0 | 26.9 |
Sample Code | Average Density, g/cm3 | Porosity, % |
---|---|---|
PHB (8%) | 1.190 | 62.91 |
PHB (8%)/PEG (1%) | 1.192 | 63.95 |
PHB (8%)/PEG (2%) | 1.194 | 55.73 |
PHB (8%)/PEG (3%) | 1.195 | 70.24 |
PHB (8%)/PEG (4%) | 1.197 | 70.33 |
Sample Code | Tensile Strength (σ), MPa | Young’s Modulus, E (MPa) | Elongation at Break (%) |
---|---|---|---|
PHB (8%) | 3.6 ± 0.2 | 232.3 ± 28.7 | 58 ± 21 |
PHB (8%)/PEG (1%) | 3.4 ± 0.3 | 254.4 ± 26.7 | 24 ± 6 |
PHB (8%)/PEG (2%) | 4.4 ± 0.8 | 332.2 ± 89.3 | 9 ± 5 |
PHB (8%)/PEG (3%) | 3.2 ± 0.3 | 267.7 ± 33.8 | 14 ± 9 |
PHB (8%)/PEG (4%) | 2.9 ± 0.2 | 242.3 ± 29.4 | 3 ± 1 |
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Thanh, N.H.; Olekhnovich, R.; Sitnikova, V.; Kremleva, A.; Snetkov, P.; Uspenskaya, M. PHB/PEG Nanofiber Mat Obtained by Electrospinning and Their Performances. Technologies 2023, 11, 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies11020048
Thanh NH, Olekhnovich R, Sitnikova V, Kremleva A, Snetkov P, Uspenskaya M. PHB/PEG Nanofiber Mat Obtained by Electrospinning and Their Performances. Technologies. 2023; 11(2):48. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies11020048
Chicago/Turabian StyleThanh, Nguyen Hong, Roman Olekhnovich, Vera Sitnikova, Arina Kremleva, Petr Snetkov, and Mayya Uspenskaya. 2023. "PHB/PEG Nanofiber Mat Obtained by Electrospinning and Their Performances" Technologies 11, no. 2: 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies11020048