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A Cross-Sectional Investigation for Verification of Globalization of Falsified Medicines in Cambodia, Indicated by Tablets of Sildenafil Citrate

1
Clinical Pharmacy and Healthcare Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa 920–1192, Japan
2
National Health Product Quality Control Center, Ministry of Health, 151–153 Kampuchea Krom St., Khan 7 Makara, Phnom Penh 12250, Cambodia
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Department of Drugs and Food, Ministry of Health, 151–153 Kampuchea Krom St., Khan 7 Makara 12250, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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Osaka Office, Pharmaceutical and Medical Device Regulatory Science Society of Japan, Sawanotsuru building 8th Floor, 2-1-2 Hiranocho, Chuo-Ku, Osaka 541-0046, Japan
5
Medi-Quality Security Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pharmacy 2019, 7(3), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy7030111
Received: 20 June 2019 / Revised: 6 August 2019 / Accepted: 8 August 2019 / Published: 9 August 2019
(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Practice and Practice-Based Research)
Medicine falsification is a global issue. Viagra, an erectile dysfunction therapeutic (EDT) medicine consisting primarily of sildenafil citrate, is the most commonly falsified medicine worldwide. Recently falsified EDTs have been reported multiple times in developing countries. The globalization of falsified EDTs has become a concern. In the present study, we selected sildenafil citrate tablets as an indicator and examined samples from a developing country, Cambodia, to investigate the availability of falsified sildenafil tablets in Cambodia and verify the current globalization status of falsified medicines from the standpoint of a developing country. Six samples of the originator Viagra, and 68 samples of generic sildenafil products were purchased from private drug outlets and wholesalers in Phnom Penh, Svay Rieng, and Battambang. The samples’ manufacturers were contacted to authenticate the samples. The quantities and dissolution rates of active ingredients were measured by a high-performance liquid chromatography system with photodiode array. Five generic samples were strongly suspected to be falsified medicines because of their extremely low quality; however, there was little distribution and no falsified medicine alleged to be produced by the originator of Viagra, which charges high prices. That finding indicates that falsification reflects local economic circumstances. View Full-Text
Keywords: falsified medicines; sildenafil citrate; globalization falsified medicines; sildenafil citrate; globalization
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MDPI and ACS Style

Yoshida, N.; Yuasa, M.; Sovannarith, T.; Dararth, E.; Keila, T.; Kiet, H.B.; Tsuboi, H.; Tanimoto, T.; Kimura, K. A Cross-Sectional Investigation for Verification of Globalization of Falsified Medicines in Cambodia, Indicated by Tablets of Sildenafil Citrate. Pharmacy 2019, 7, 111. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy7030111

AMA Style

Yoshida N, Yuasa M, Sovannarith T, Dararth E, Keila T, Kiet HB, Tsuboi H, Tanimoto T, Kimura K. A Cross-Sectional Investigation for Verification of Globalization of Falsified Medicines in Cambodia, Indicated by Tablets of Sildenafil Citrate. Pharmacy. 2019; 7(3):111. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy7030111

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yoshida, Naoko, Miku Yuasa, Tey Sovannarith, Eav Dararth, Tep Keila, Heng B. Kiet, Hirohito Tsuboi, Tsuyoshi Tanimoto, and Kazuko Kimura. 2019. "A Cross-Sectional Investigation for Verification of Globalization of Falsified Medicines in Cambodia, Indicated by Tablets of Sildenafil Citrate" Pharmacy 7, no. 3: 111. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy7030111

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