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Discussion

Weighing the Benefits and Risks of Medical Marijuana Use: A Brief Review

PGY2 Psychiatric Pharmacy Resident, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
Pharmacy 2018, 6(4), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy6040128
Submission received: 2 November 2018 / Revised: 26 November 2018 / Accepted: 3 December 2018 / Published: 6 December 2018

Abstract

:
Despite federal prohibition of medical marijuana possession, sale, and use, marijuana use continues to escalate as state legalization persists and expands. The purpose of this discussion is to provide a brief summary of the evidence regarding both potential benefits and risks of medical marijuana use.

Despite federal prohibition of medical marijuana possession, sale, and use, marijuana use continues to escalate as individual state legalization persists and expands (Table 1). As the medical marijuana landscape rapidly changes, it is imperative that healthcare providers stay up to date on available evidence regarding both the benefits and risks of use. Although it is important to note potential benefits demonstrated in specific disease states, evidence in most qualifying indications is insufficient, with the majority lacking randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (Table 2).
Marijuana and oral cannabinoids (dronabinol, nabilone, oral THC) have been associated with adverse effects, including serious adverse effects as well as study withdrawal. The most commonly reported adverse effects include asthenia, balance problems, disorientation, gastrointestinal effects, euphoria, somnolence, dry mouth, fatigue, hallucinations, paranoia, and agitation [11,17].
Marijuana use has a negative effect on mental health and neurologic function. Marijuana users are at risk for tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal [4,18,44]. Multiple studies have examined the negative effects of marijuana on acute and long-term cognition, including impairment in attention, impulse control, decision-making processes, working memory, and executive function. Additionally, marijuana has been associated with an early onset of psychotic disorders, an exacerbated course of illness in established psychotic disorders, exacerbation of mania in bipolar disorders, and worsened symptoms of PTSD [4,11,18,41,44].
Pulmonary, cardiovascular, and carcinogenic effects of marijuana remain controversial [4,44,48,49]. In vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that marijuana inhibits several hepatic enzymes (CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP3A4), and preliminary evidence in humans suggests that marijuana may interact with serum drug concentrations of warfarin and antiretroviral therapies [16,50,51,52]. However, additional research is warranted in these areas as the risk of clinically significant drug interactions is unknown [53].
When discussing medical marijuana use, pharmacists must be knowledgeable about potential benefits and risks. Disease states with substantial evidence include chronic pain, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (oral cannabinoids only), and patient-reported spasticity in MS [2]. Further research is warranted, particularly regarding products similar to those currently available in dispensaries. Because medical marijuana lacks quality standards and FDA regulation, available products have shown significant inconsistencies, with one study revealing that only 17% of edible cannabis products were accurately labeled [54]. It is the responsibility of prescribers and pharmacists to educate patients on potential adverse events and drug interactions. Other pertinent issues to consider are marijuana dosing as well as the inability to extrapolate evidence between oral cannabinoids and marijuana due to differences in chemical composition. As a result of limited high-quality evidence and lack of regulation, the potential benefits and risks must be weighed carefully to make appropriate clinical decisions.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Conflicts of Interest

The author has no potential conflict of interest or financial disclosures to report.

References

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Table 1. Qualifying indications by state [1].
Table 1. Qualifying indications by state [1].
State [1]
Qualifying ConditionsAKARAZCACOCTDCDEFLHIILMAMDMEMIMNMOMTNDNHNJNMNVNYOHORPARIUTVTWA
Alzheimer’s Disease XX XX X XX X XX XX XX
ALS (Lou Gehrig’s Disease) XX XXXX XX XXXX XXXX XX X X
Autism X X X X
Arthritis X X X X
Cachexia (or Anorexia)XXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXX XX X XXXX
CancerXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Cerebral palsy XX
Chronic or Debilitating Disease X XX X X X XXXX X X
Chronic painXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX
Crohn’s Disease XX XX XX X XXXXXXX X X XXXXX
Cystic Fibrosis XX
Fibromyalgia X X X X X X
GlaucomaXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXX XX
Hepatitis C XX X XX XX X XX X X X X
HIV/AIDSXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX
Migraine X X X
Multiple SclerosisXX XX XXXX X X XXXX XX X XX
NauseaXXXXX XX XX XXX XXX XX X X XX
Parkinson’s Disease XX X XX X X X X XX X X
Persistent Muscle Spasms XXXXXXXXX X XXXXXXX X XXXX X
Peripheral neuropathy X X X X X X X X
Psoriasis XX
PTSD XX XXXXXXX XXXX XXXXX XXXXXXX
Seizures (or Epilepsy)XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Terminal Illness XXX XX XX X XX
Tourette’s syndrome X X X X X
Ulcerative Colitis X XX X X
Table 2. Potential benefits of marijuana [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33].
Table 2. Potential benefits of marijuana [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33].
Qualifying ConditionSummary/Quality of Evidence
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) [2,3]Insufficient evidence; Single RCT showed no significant difference on primary or secondary outcomes
Alzheimer’s Disease [2,4,5,6,7,8,9]No published RCTs. Cochrane systematic review concluded that there is insufficient evidence that oral cannabinoids are effective for the treatment of behavioral disturbances associated with dementia. There is limited evidence that oral cannabinoids are ineffective.
Autism [10]Data limited to animal model-based research, small case series or single case reports
Arthritis [11]While there is moderate evidence in chronic pain, there is insufficient evidence in arthritic conditions
Cachexia/Anorexia [2,11,12,13,14,15]U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved product available (dronabinol); low-quality evidence
Cancer [16]RCTs only in supportive care measures; preliminary evidence of anti-proliferative properties indicates an area of future research
Cerebral Palsy [2]Low to moderate evidence for symptoms of cerebral palsy, such as pain, spasms, and seizures; however, there is insufficient evidence in this specific population for recommendations
Chronic Pain [2,11,17,18]Substantial evidence for benefit with cannabis; moderate evidence for benefit with nabiximols
Crohn’s Disease [19,20]Insufficient and inconclusive evidence
Cystic Fibrosis [2]Preliminary evidence only; No RCTs; insufficient evidence
Fibromyalgia [21,22]Cohort studies only, no RCTs for pain in fibromyalgia; moderate evidence in sleep improvement
Glaucoma [2,23,24,25,26,27]Significantly lowers intraocular pressure (IOP) for 4 hours; Insufficient evidence to indicate that marijuana is safer or more effective than existing pharmacotherapy or surgery for reduction of IOP
Hepatitis C [2]No RCTs; insufficient evidence
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) [28,29,30,31]Moderate evidence for FDA-approved product (dronabinol); Low-quality evidence suggesting that cannabinoids and marijuana are associated with weight gain in patients with HIV/AIDS
Migraine [32]Retrospective chart review demonstrated decreased frequency of migraines; No RCTs; insufficient evidence
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) or Persistent Muscle Spasms [2,33,34,35,36]Moderate quality evidence to suggest benefit
Nausea [2,17,37]FDA-approved products available (nabilone, dronabinol); Low quality evidence for benefit with marijuana
Parkinson’s Disease [38,39,40]Results of trials studying the use of oral cannabinoids in Parkinson’s Disease have been controversial and inconclusive. Most importantly, there have been no RCTs examining marijuana specifically in this population.
Peripheral Neuropathy [2,11,18]Moderate to substantial evidence to suggest benefit of cannabinoids in peripheral neuropathy
Psoriasis [2]No RCTs; insufficient evidence
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) [41,42,43,44]Insufficient evidence; potential harm
Seizures [45,46,47]Moderate-quality evidence for use of cannabidiol (CBD) (but not marijuana) as adjunctive therapy in patients with refractory seizures
Tourette’s Syndrome [10]Limited evidence that ∆-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) capsules are an effective treatment for improving symptoms of Tourette syndrome
Ulcerative Colitis [2]No RCTs; insufficient evidence

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Karst, A. Weighing the Benefits and Risks of Medical Marijuana Use: A Brief Review. Pharmacy 2018, 6, 128. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy6040128

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Karst A. Weighing the Benefits and Risks of Medical Marijuana Use: A Brief Review. Pharmacy. 2018; 6(4):128. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy6040128

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Karst, Allison. 2018. "Weighing the Benefits and Risks of Medical Marijuana Use: A Brief Review" Pharmacy 6, no. 4: 128. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy6040128

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