The Country Profiles of the PHARMINE Survey of European Higher Educational Institutions Delivering Pharmacy Education and Training
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Survey Chapters
- Personal details of respondent
- Organization of the activities of pharmacists, professional bodies
- Pharmacy higher education institutions (HEIs), students, and courses
- Teaching and learning methods
- Subject areas
- Impact of the Bologna principles
- Impact of EC directive
- Quality assurance or pharmacy education and training (E&T)
3.2. Personal Details of the HEI Respondent
3.3. Organization of the Activities of Pharmacists, Professional Bodies
- Community pharmacy practice
- Numbers of community pharmacies and pharmacists
- Competences and roles of community pharmacists
- Whether the ownership of community pharmacies is limited to pharmacists
- The rules governing the geographical distribution of community pharmacies
- The availability of drugs and other healthcare products by channels other than pharmacies
- Pharmacy technicians
- Their titles and number(s)
- Their qualifications
- Organizations providing and validating their E&T
- Duration of studies
- Subject areas
- Their competences and roles
- Hospital pharmacy practice
- Whether such a function exists. PHARMINE was interested in whether “hospital pharmacy practice” could be defined by work place or duties, i.e., is a hospital pharmacist a pharmacist who works in a hospital or a pharmacist with specific, legally defined tasks related to practice with hospitalized patients?
- Number of hospital pharmacists
- Number of hospital pharmacies
- Industrial pharmacy
- Pharmaceutical and related industries
- Number of companies with production, R&D, and/or distribution
- Number of companies producing generic drugs only
- Industrial pharmacists
- Number of pharmacists working in industry
- Competences and roles of industrial pharmacists
- Pharmacists working in other sectors
- Number of pharmacists working in other sectors
- Sectors in which pharmacists are employed
- Competences and roles of pharmacists employed in other sectors
- Registration of pharmacists
- Creation of community pharmacies and control of territorial distribution
- Ethics and professional conduct
- Quality assurance and validation of HEI courses for pharmacists
3.4. Pharmacy HEIs, Students, and Courses
- HEIs
- Total number of pharmacy HEIs in your country, public and private
- Independent department or attached to a science or medical faculty
- B + M degree structure
- Availability
- M open to students with a non-pharmacy B degree
- Staff (at the level of the country and at that of the responding HEI)
- Number of teaching staff (nationals)
- Number of international teaching staff—European and non-European
- Number professionals (pharmacists and others) from outside the HEI, involved in pharmacy E&T
- Students (at the level of the country and at that of the responding HEI)
- Number of places at traditional entry (beginning of S1/B1, following secondary school)
- Number of applicants for entry
- Number of graduates that become professional pharmacists.
- Number of international students—European (Erasmus) [16] and non-European
- Specific pharmacy-related (national or HEI) entrance examination
- National numerus clausus
- Advanced entry (>S1/B1)
- Which level
- Requirements
- Fees for home, European, and non-European students
- Specialization
- Which years
- Which topics (industry, hospital…)
- Student numbers in each specialization
- Changes in PET: past and future
3.5. Teaching and Learning Methods
- Course organization
- Student hours in each year for lectures, tutorials, practicums, independent project work
- Traineeship (community, hospital, industry)
- Electives
- Validation of courses, etc.
3.6. Subject Areas
- Chemical sciences (CHEMSCI)
- General, organic, and inorganic chemistry
- Analytical chemistry
- Pharmaceutical chemistry and pharmacopeial analysis
- Medicinal physico-chemistry/structure-activity/drug design
- Physical and mathematical sciences (PHYSMATH)
- Physics
- Mathematics, pharmaceutical calculations
- Information technology, information technology applied to community pharmacy, information technology applied to national health-care
- Statistics
- Experimental design and analysis
- Biological sciences (BIOLSCI)
- Foundation biology
- Cell biology
- Botany
- Mycology
- Zoology
- Biochemistry
- Molecular biology
- Genetics
- Pharmaceutical technology (PHARMTECH)
- Formulation
- Drug disposition and metabolism/pharmacokinetics
- Novel drug delivery systems
- Drug design
- Pharmaceutical R&D
- Drug production
- Quality assurance in production
- Drug/new chemical entity registration and regularization
- Common technical document (quality (pharmaceutical), safety (safety pharmacology and toxicology), efficacy (preclinical and clinical studies))
- Ophthalmic preparations
- Medical gases
- Cosmetics
- Management strategy in industry
- Economics of the pharmaceutical industry and R&D
- Medicinal sciences (MEDISCI)
- Human anatomy and physiology
- Medical terminology
- Pharmacology
- Pharmacognosy
- Pharmacotherapy/therapeutics
- Toxicology
- Pathology, histology
- Microbiology
- Nutrition, non-pharmacological treatment
- Hematology
- Immunology
- Parasitology
- Hygiene
- Emergency therapy
- Clinical chemistry/bioanalysis (of body fluids)
- Radiochemistry
- Dispensing process, drug prescription, prescription analysis (detection of adverse effects and drug interactions)
- Generic drugs
- Planning, running, and interpretation of the data of clinical trials
- Medical devices
- Orthopedics
- OTC medicines, complementary therapy
- At-home support and care
- Skin illness and treatment
- Homeopathy
- Phytotherapy
- aa.
- Drugs in veterinary medicine
- bb.
- Pharmaceutical care, pharmaceutical therapy of illness and disease
- Law and social sciences (LAWSOC)
- Legislation, law relating to pharmacy
- Social sciences
- Forensic science
- Professional ethics
- Philosophy
- Economics, financial affairs, book keeping, economic planning, and management
- Public health/health promotion
- Quality management
- Epidemiology of drug use (pharmaco-epidemiology)
- Economics of drug use (pharmaco-economics)
- History of pharmacy
- Generic competences (GENERIC)
- General knowledge
- Academic literacy
- Languages
- First aid
- Communication
- Management
- Practical skills
3.7. Impact of the Bologna Principles
- Easily readable and comparable degrees? Issue of a Diploma Supplement?
- Courses divided into two main cycles: three-year B and two-year M?
- Relevance of B degree to the European labor market
- Possibility for students with a three-year B degree from an HEI other than pharmacy (natural sciences, chemistry…) and/or from another country to enroll into the pharmacy M
- Use of the European system of credits (ECTS) [17] to promote student mobility and/or lifelong learning
- Efforts made to remove obstacles to student and staff mobility (with language courses…)
- Numbers of Erasmus exchange staff and students.
- Involvement in European co-operative programs on quality assurance with attempts to develop comparable criteria and methodologies?
- European dimensions in higher education regarding curriculum development, general inter-institutional co-operation and integrated programs of study, training and research
3.8. Impact of EC Directive
- Course length
- Course content
- Traineeship
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations Used in the PHARMINE Survey
B | Bachelor level (first three years study following secondary school). This may be followed by a number, e.g., B1 = first year of bachelor studies. |
M | Master level (fourth and fifth years of study) |
D | Doctoral (Ph.D.) level. This will start after five years of study at an HEI (three years B plus two years M) |
E&T | Education and training |
PET | Pharmacy education and training |
HEI | Higher education institution |
LLL | Lifelong learning |
R&D | Research and development |
S | Semester. This may be followed by a number, e.g., S1/B1 = first semester of the first bachelor year |
References
- Kehrer, J.P.; Eberhart, G.; Wing, M.; Horon, K. Pharmacy’s role in a modern health continuum. Can. Pharm. J. 2013, 146, 321–324. Available online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3819958/ (accessed on 10 February 2017). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Farrugia, C. Pharmaceutical Industry and the Industrial Pharmacist: A Partnership for the 21st Century. Available online: http://fr.slideshare.net/eipg/the-pharmaceutical-industry-and-the-industrial-pharmacist-a-partnership-for-the-21st-century (accessed on 10 February 2017).
- The PHAR-QA Project. Quality Assurance in European Pharmacy Education and Training. Available online: www.phar-qa.eu (accessed on 10 February 2017).
- The PHARMINE (Pharmacy Education in Europe) Consortium. Available online: http://www.pharmine.org/ (accessed on 10 February 2017).
- European Association of Faculties of Pharmacy (EAFP). Available online: http://www.pharmine.org/ (accessed on 10 February 2017).
- Pharmacists’ Group of the EU (PGEU). Available online: http://www.pgeu.eu/ (accessed on 10 February 2017).
- European Association of Hospital Pharmacists (EAHP). Available online: http://www.eahp.eu/ (accessed on 10 February 2017).
- European Industrial Pharmacists’ Group (EIPG). Available online: http://www.eipg.eu/ (accessed on 10 February 2017).
- European Pharmacy Students’ Association (EPSA). Available online: http://www.epas.eu/ (accessed on 10 February 2017).
- EHEA. The European Higher Education Area. Available online: http://www.ehea.info/ (accessed on 10 February 2017).
- Bologna Declaration 1999. Available online: www.magna-charta.org/.../files/BOLOGNA_DECLARATION.pdf (accessed on 10 February 2017).
- EC Directive. The EU Directive 2013/55/EU on the Recognition of Professional Qualifications. Available online: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2005:255:0022:0142:EN:PDF (accessed on 10 February 2017).
- Bourlioux, P. Paris, EU TEMPUS Project. Available online: www.phar-qa.eu/wp-content/.../P_Bourlioux_Erasmus-subject-evaluations-1995.pdf (accessed on 10 February 2017).
- Surveymonkey. The Survey Software—The Survey System. Available online: http://www.surveysystem.com/sscalc.htm (accessed on 10 February 2017).
- Atkinson, J.; Rombaut, B. The 2011 PHARMINE Report on Pharmacy and Pharmacy Education in the European Union. Pharm. Pract. (Int.) 2011, 9, 169–187. Available online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3818732/ (accessed on 10 February 2017). [CrossRef]
- Erasmus+. Available online: https://www.erasmusplus.fr/ (accessed on 10 February 2017).
- European Credit Transfer System (ECTS). Available online: http://www.mastersportal.eu/articles/388/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-european-credit-system-ects.html (accessed on 10 February 2017).
© 2017 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Atkinson, J. The Country Profiles of the PHARMINE Survey of European Higher Educational Institutions Delivering Pharmacy Education and Training. Pharmacy 2017, 5, 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy5030034
Atkinson J. The Country Profiles of the PHARMINE Survey of European Higher Educational Institutions Delivering Pharmacy Education and Training. Pharmacy. 2017; 5(3):34. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy5030034
Chicago/Turabian StyleAtkinson, Jeffrey. 2017. "The Country Profiles of the PHARMINE Survey of European Higher Educational Institutions Delivering Pharmacy Education and Training" Pharmacy 5, no. 3: 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy5030034