Medication Reviews and Clinical Outcomes in Persons with Dementia: A Scoping Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Step 1: Identifying the Research Question
2.2. Step 2: Identifying the Relevant Studies
2.3. Step 3: Study Selection
2.4. Step 4: Data Charting
2.5. Step 5: Collating, Summarizing, and Reporting the Results
3. Results
3.1. Study Characteristics
3.2. Information about Interventions
3.3. Type of Outcomes Reported
Effect of Medication Review
- (A)
- Evaluation of medication use
- (B)
- Drug-related problems
- (C)
- Drug-related interventions
4. Discussion
- The results obtained from RCTs are the most reliable evidence to assess an intervention’s effectiveness because the randomization process can minimize the risk of bias influencing the results [57]. No RCT was conducted in the community setting for patients with dementia.
- Only one study each was identified in this scoping review for Canada, Australia, the Netherlands, Slovenia, France, Taiwan, northern Sweden, Germany, Denmark, and Hong Kong. The studies conducted in these countries only included patients from one care setting. There is a need for more evidence for these counties in which patients are included from all types of care settings.
- Nine studies reported data from the LTC setting, and only one, by Hernandez et al., reported DRPs in persons with dementia from the LTC setting [45]. There is a scarcity of studies reporting DRPs in persons with dementia from the LTC setting.
- A lack of studies examining medication management and medication adherence as outcomes of medication reviews: A scoping review conducted by Hudani et al. in 2016 reported the nonadherence prevalence in older adults with CI or dementia, which ranged from 2 to 59%, which is not surprising considering the polypharmacy use, cognitive impairment, and complex medication regimens in this population [58]. Furthermore, the situation is much more difficult for individuals with CI or dementia due to various cognitive deficiencies, leading to increased nonadherence rates [58]. In this scoping review, we identified only one study that reported on medication nonadherence as an outcome of medication reviews in persons with CI and dementia [20]. Clinical practice in memory clinics includes evaluating the medication management capacity in this group. Still, it is not apparent why most of the studies did not report the effects of medication reviews on the medication management and adherence in this population. Any medication review conducted in this population should examine the medication adherence.
- A lack of research examining the cost-effectiveness of conducting a medication review: No study in this scoping review examined the impact of medication reviews on the overall cost, such as reductions in the medication cost, hospitalization cost, medical expenses, etc. Maidment et al. have reported data on costs, such as trainer and care home staff costs [50]. The authors conducted a mixed-method feasibility study that included a comprehensive clinical medication review conducted by a specialized dementia care pharmacist. Their findings revealed that the mean cost associated with the staff time for the medication review alone was GBP 104.41 per participant. In contrast, when accounting for both the medication review and the intervention (which included training), the mean cost rose to GBP 372.80 per participant. These cost assessments provide valuable insights into the financial aspects of implementing medication review interventions in dementia care. Only one other study has reported data on the clinical, economical, and organizational dimensions of DRI in the cognitive behavioral unit. Novais et al. conducted a study from retrospective data on medication reviews in a cognitive behavioral unit (CBU) [41]. These units are designed for people with responsive behavioural abnormalities linked to Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD). Pharmacists discovered pertinent DRPs during medication reviews and made recommendations to the patients’ physicians. A total of 543 DRPs and DRIs were recorded for patients hospitalized in the CBU. According to pharmacists, 55.2% of pharmaceutical interventions decrease the costs of care, and 16.6% increase the costs [41]. No study was found in this scoping review that reported on the cost aspect in detail or whether the medication review conducted by a pharmacist decreases the overall cost, such as reduction in the medication cost, hospitalization cost, medical expenses, etc.
- A lack of patient and caregiver satisfaction as an outcome of medication reviews: The success of any intervention greatly relies on the patient receiving the care, the caregivers, and other healthcare professionals. The studies included in this scoping review reported no data on the satisfaction levels of patients, caregivers, or healthcare teams related to the medication review. The level of satisfaction will help the researcher to evaluate the patient, caregiver, and healthcare satisfaction and the potential acceptability of medication reviews by older adults with dementia.
- A lack of studies reporting on quality of life: There is a scarcity of studies examining the impact of medication reviews on the quality of life in people with dementia. In this scoping review, an RCT was conducted by Ballard et al. to measure whether a review of antipsychotic medications, either alone or in conjunction with evidence-based, non-pharmacological methods, has a substantial positive impact on health-related quality of life [31]. Two DEMQOL-Proxy domains (negative emotion and appearance) significantly worsened in individuals receiving antipsychotic reviews. The DEMQOL is a 28-item self-reported tool used to assess the health-related quality of life (HRQL) of people with dementia. The caregiver fills out a 31-item examination called the DEMQOL-Proxy, which examines the patient’s cognition, adverse emotions, positive emotions, daily activities, and appearance. More studies need to be conducted to see whether the medication review increases the quality of life among older adults with dementia or not.
- A lack of application of a dementia-specific core outcome set: The studies included in this scoping review showed variations in the measuring techniques and reported results. For instance, some studies have reported drug-related interventions without identifying DRPs, and not all studies followed up with the patients to measure the effects of the medication review. An international core outcome set for clinical trials of medication reviews in polypharmacy and multimorbid older people has been published [59]. The creation of core outcome sets for clinical trials has produced a variety of advantages, reduced the possibility of reporting bias, increased the chance of clinically meaningful results, and decreased the trial-to-trial variation in results [60]. Establishing a core outcome set for medication management interventions in primary care for individuals with dementia simplifies the research process by providing a standardized set of outcomes to evaluate the intervention’s effectiveness in this population. This approach enhances the consistency and comparability across studies, making it easier for researchers to gauge the impacts of these interventions on individuals with dementia.
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study | Types of Drug-Related Problems Reported |
---|---|
Pearson et al., 2021 [38] | 2019 Beers Criteria
|
Levine et al., 2021 [39] |
|
Aziz et al., 2018 [49] | 2015 STOPP Criteria
|
Melville et al., 2020 [40] | 2012 Beers Criteria
|
Novais et al., 2021 [41] | Westerlund System [25]
|
Hernandez et al., 2020 [45] |
|
Cross et al., 2020 [51] | Beer’s 2015 Criteria or 2015 STOPP Criteria
|
Gustafsson et al., 2017 [17,26,27,28] | 2015 STOPP/START Criteria
|
Wucherer et al., 2017 [43] | Inappropriate drugs according to the PRISCUS list reported in 105 (22.9%) patients. PCNE Classification V 6.2 [54]
|
Wong et al., 2016 [48] |
|
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Sharma, R.; Mahajan, N.; Fadaleh, S.A.; Patel, H.; Ivo, J.; Faisal, S.; Chang, F.; Lee, L.; Patel, T. Medication Reviews and Clinical Outcomes in Persons with Dementia: A Scoping Review. Pharmacy 2023, 11, 168. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy11050168
Sharma R, Mahajan N, Fadaleh SA, Patel H, Ivo J, Faisal S, Chang F, Lee L, Patel T. Medication Reviews and Clinical Outcomes in Persons with Dementia: A Scoping Review. Pharmacy. 2023; 11(5):168. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy11050168
Chicago/Turabian StyleSharma, Rishabh, Neil Mahajan, Sarah Abu Fadaleh, Hawa Patel, Jessica Ivo, Sadaf Faisal, Feng Chang, Linda Lee, and Tejal Patel. 2023. "Medication Reviews and Clinical Outcomes in Persons with Dementia: A Scoping Review" Pharmacy 11, no. 5: 168. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy11050168
APA StyleSharma, R., Mahajan, N., Fadaleh, S. A., Patel, H., Ivo, J., Faisal, S., Chang, F., Lee, L., & Patel, T. (2023). Medication Reviews and Clinical Outcomes in Persons with Dementia: A Scoping Review. Pharmacy, 11(5), 168. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy11050168