Exploratory Research for the Improvement of the Teaching of Spanish as a Second Language in a Spanish Public Center †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Spanish Legislative Context and Educational System
3. Epistemological Framework
- -
- Firstly, the typological distance between the source language and the target language is decisive for new language acquisition. The sequence of learning is accelerated for related languages, but the learner’s perceptual discrimination can be strengthened when the two languages are typologically distant.
- -
- Secondly, the learner’s writing system can also be decisive, not only in terms of direction and graphemes, but also in terms of the level of metalinguistic knowledge that the learner has in relation to how their language and the host language are written.
4. Methodology
4.1. The Participants
4.2. Study Design
5. Data Analysis
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A7
BLOCK I. Control Information |
Q.I.1. Course carried out at the OSL in Granada |
Q.I.2. Gender |
Q.I.3. Age |
Q.I.4. Nationality |
Q.I.5. Level of studies |
Q.I.6. What do you do in Spain? |
Q.I.7. Type of family from the cultural/linguistic point of view |
Q.I.8. What is your mother tongue? |
Q.I.9. What other foreign languages do you know and can you use these fluently? |
Q.I.10. Since you left your country, in how many countries have you resided? |
Q.I.11. How long have you been residing in Spain? |
Q.I.12. How long have you been studying Spanish? |
Q.I.13. Did you study Spanish in your country of origin? |
BLOCK II. Learning Spanish as second language |
Q.II.1. Why do you think you need to learn Spanish? (Value from 1 (total disagreement) to 7 (total agreement)) |
Q.II.1.1 I think Spanish is convenient in order to find a good job |
Q.II.1.2 I consider that Spanish is useful to be able to relate to other people who live in this country |
Q.II.1.3 I consider that Spanish is convenient to be able to study (yourself, your children, your relatives and acquaintances) |
Q.II.1.4 I consider that Spanish is convenient to understand doctors and nurses. |
Q.II.1.5 I consider that Spanish is useful to be able to go shopping |
Q.II.1.6 I consider that Spanish is useful to be able to manage my papers and go to the administration |
Q.II.1.7 I consider that Spanish is suitable for higher education |
Q.II.1.8 I believe that Spanish is useful for me to understand my son/daughter’s teacher |
Q.II.2. Why do you study Spanish? (Value from 1 (total disagreement) to 7 (total agreement)) |
Q.II.2.1. Because I need it to live in Spain |
Q.II.2.2 Because my partner is Spanish |
Q.II.2.3 Because I have to pass an exam |
Q.II.2.4 I need it for my residence permit |
Q.II.2.5 Because I like Spanish |
Q.II.2.6 Because it is mandatory |
Q.II.2.7 To feel more integrated in Spain |
Q.II.2.8 Because I have friends who speak Spanish |
Q.II.2.9 Because I like to learn languages |
Q.II.2.10 In order to be able to read better |
Q.II.2.11 Better understanding of TV and radio |
Q.II.2.12 Because I need it to be able to work |
Q.II.3. After studying Spanish I hope… (Value from 1 (total disagreement) to 7 (total agreement)) |
Q.II.3.1 Being able to relate to more people |
Q.II.3.2 Relating myself better to my peers |
Q.II.3.3 Improving studies |
Q.II.3.4 Improve my CV |
Q.II.3.5 Being more prepared for work in Spain |
Q.II.3.6 Better understand Spain and the Spaniards |
Q.II.3.7 Manage myself better in daily life |
Q.II.3.8 I do not expect anything concrete |
BLOCK III. Aspects of teaching Spanish as a foreign language in the classroom |
Q.III.1. How much time do you devote to studying Spanish? (Value from 0 (total disagreement) to 7 (total agreement)) |
Q.III.1.1 As long as I can |
Q.III.1.2 Enough to keep moving well |
Q.III.1.3 A little time every day |
Q.III.1.4 Nothing, because I do not have much time |
Q.III.1.5 I have not raised it |
Q.III.2. From the following statements, rate the importance of these statements from 1 to 7 (1 = not important, 7 = very important)]. |
Q.III.2.1 Understanding what is said in Spanish |
Q.III.2.2 Speaking to others in Spanish |
Q.III.2.3 Understanding what I read in Spanish |
Q.III.2.4 Being able to write in Spanish |
Q.III.2.5 Translate into my mother tongue |
P.III.3. The most important thing about a Spanish course as a foreign language is... Value from 1 to 7 (1 = not important, 7 = very important) |
Q.III.3.1 Grammar |
Q.III.3.2 Pronunciation |
Q.III.3.3 Vocabulary |
Q.III.3.4 Reading |
Q.III.3.5 Writing |
Q.III.3.6 The culture of the country |
Q.III.3.7 Communication with others |
Q.III.3.8 Non-verbal communication |
Q.III.4. What kind of activities do you prefer to do in class? Value from 1 (not important) to 7 (very important) |
Q.III.4.1 Grammar activities |
Q.III.4.2 Vocabulary activities |
Q.III.4.3 Listening activities |
Q.III.4.4 Oral expression and interaction activities |
Q.III.4.5 Reading comprehension activities |
Q.III.4.6 Written expression and interaction activities |
Q.III.4.7 Activities relating to Spanish culture |
Q.III.5. How do you think you learn Spanish better? Value from 1 to 7 (1 = not important, 7 = important) |
Q.III.5.1 Reading |
Q.III.5.2 Writing |
Q.III.5.3 Speaking |
Q.III.5.4 Listening |
Q.III.5.5 Playing |
Q.III.6. I like the classes at the OSL in Granada because... (value from 1 (total disagreement) to 7 (total agreement)) |
Q.III.6.1 Because I can express myself freely |
Q.III.6.2 Because they make me feel good |
Q.III.6.3 Because I can speak of my country |
Q.III.6.4 Because the teacher considers my opinion |
Q.III.6.5 Because I can speak of myself |
Q.III.6.6 Because it is an easy language |
Q.III.6.7 Because with fun |
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1 | INE is the abbreviation in the Spanish language of Instituto Nacional de Estadística. |
2 | This is the generic term for the teaching of Spanish in the Official School of Languages, although in this respect we have taken the term “teaching Spanish as a second language”, according to Santos Gargallo (1999, p. 21), in which Spanish comes to fulfil a social and institutional function within the linguistic community in which it is taught and learned, in opposition to what would be Spanish as a foreign language, which is learned in a context where there is no expectation of integration. In this sense, it is understood that an L2 is that which an immigrant and refugee learns due to the need for social inclusion in the new linguistic community in which they find themselves. |
3 | BOE is the abbreviation in the Spanish language of Boletín Oficial del Estado. |
4 | BOJA is the abbreviation in the Spanish language of Boletín Oficial de la Junta de Andalucía. |
5 | From the academic year 2018–2019 and according to Instruction 12/2018 of September 4 (Junta de Andalucía Consejería de Educación 2018), of the Department of Educational Planning on the Ordination and Curriculum of the Official Schools of Languages of the Special Regime, following the R. D. 1041/2017, December 22 (Jefatura del Estado 2017), the name of these courses has changed: Basic 1 = 1st Basic Level, Basic 2 = 2nd Basic Level, Intermediate = Intermediate B1, Advanced 1 = 1st Intermediate B2, Advanced 2 = 2nd Intermediate B2, Level C1 = 1st Advanced C1. In the new curriculum, Level C1 has one more course: 2nd Advanced C1. |
6 | All subjects gave their informed consent for inclusion before they participated in the study. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of DIPURE (Project identification code: FFI2017-89147-R). |
7 | The original survey was in Spanish to the students. |
OSL Levels | OSL Courses | CEFR Levels |
---|---|---|
Basic Level | Basic 1 | A1 |
Basic 2 | A2 | |
Intermediate Level | Intermediate | B1 |
Advanced Level | Advanced 1 | B2.1 |
Advanced 2 | B2.2 | |
Level C1 | C1 | C1 |
Phase I | Participant observation and field diary entries about student needs, beliefs, etc. |
Phase II | Preparation of the first questionnaire based on data from the previous phase. |
Phase III | After the design of the survey it was submitted for evaluation and validation by experts. It was subjected to a pilot with a random selection of ten students from the five levels. |
Phase IV | Analysis of the first results of the pilot survey. Correction of the questionnaire and full distribution. |
Phase V | Analysis data and conclusions. |
Gender | Studies | Work | No. |
Woman | University | Employee | 1 |
Entrepreneur (self-employed) | 2 | ||
Student | 3 | ||
Teacher | 3 | ||
No job | 5 | ||
Vocational Training | Housewife | 2 | |
Teacher | 1 | ||
No job | 1 | ||
Secondary | Auxiliary home help | 1 | |
Student | 1 | ||
No job | 2 | ||
Primary | Housewife | 1 | |
Gender | Studies | Work | No. |
Man | University | Student | 4 |
Industry and factories | 1 | ||
Lecturer | 1 | ||
Teacher | 1 | ||
Priest | 1 | ||
No job | 2 | ||
Vocational Training | Student | 1 | |
Retired | 1 | ||
Pizza maker | 1 | ||
No job | 1 | ||
Secondary | Administrative (HR) | 1 | |
Entrepreneur (self-employed) | 1 | ||
Student | 1 |
BLOCK II. Learning Spanish as second language | ||||||
Q.II.1. Why do you think you need to learn Spanish? Value from 1 (total disagreement) to 7 (total agreement) | ||||||
No. | Min. | Max. | Mean | Std. Deviation | Correlation (homogeneity index) | |
Q.II.1.1 I think Spanish is convenient in order to find a good job | 40 | 1 | 7 | 4.8 | 2.16 | 0.57 |
Q.II.1.2 I consider that Spanish is convenient to be able to relate to other people who live in this country | 40 | 1 | 7 | 6.05 | 1.47 | 0.63 |
Q.II.1.3 I consider that Spanish is convenient to be able to study (yourself, your children, your relatives and acquaintances) | 40 | 1 | 7 | 5.13 | 1.99 | 0.64 |
Q.II.1.4 I consider that Spanish is convenient to understand doctors and nurses | 40 | 1 | 7 | 5.1 | 2.10 | 0.77 |
Q.II.1.5 I consider that Spanish is convenient to be able to go shopping | 40 | 1 | 7 | 5.48 | 1.84 | 0.32 |
Q.II.1.6 I consider that Spanish is convenient to be able to manage my papers and go to the administration | 40 | 1 | 7 | 5.13 | 1.95 | 0.67 |
Q.II.1.7 I consider that Spanish is suitable for higher education | 40 | 1 | 7 | 4.73 | 2.10 | 0.60 |
Q.II.1.8 I believe that Spanish is convenient for me to understand my son/daughter’s teacher | 40 | 1 | 7 | 4.48 | 2.33 | 0.73 |
Q.II.2. Why do you study Spanish? Value from 1 (total disagreement) to 7 (total agreement) | ||||||
No. | Min. | Max. | Mean | Std. Deviation | Correlation (homogeneity index) | |
Q.II.2.1. Because I need it to live in Spain | 40 | 1 | 7 | 6.53 | 1.09 | 0.54 |
Q.II.2.2 Because my partner is Spanish | 40 | 1 | 7 | 2.43 | 2.41 | 0.53 |
Q.II.2.3 Because I have to pass an exam | 40 | 1 | 7 | 3.78 | 2.65 | 0.62 |
Q.II.2.4 I need it for my residence permit | 40 | 1 | 7 | 2.83 | 2.36 | 0.63 |
Q.II.2.5 Because I like Spanish | 40 | 3 | 7 | 6.08 | 1.21 | 0.44 |
Q.II.2.6 Because it is mandatory | 40 | 1 | 7 | 3 | 2.38 | 0.66 |
Q.II.2.7 To feel more integrated in Spain | 40 | 3 | 7 | 6.33 | 1.25 | 0.47 |
Q.II.2.8 Because I have friends who speak Spanish | 40 | 3 | 7 | 5.75 | 1.58 | 0.20 |
Q.II.2.9 Because I like to learn languages | 40 | 1 | 7 | 6 | 1.59 | 0.54 |
Q.II.2.10 In order to be able to read better | 40 | 1 | 7 | 6.23 | 1.40 | 0.59 |
Q.II.2.11 Better understanding of TV and radio | 40 | 1 | 7 | 6.1 | 1.48 | 0.52 |
Q.II.2.12 Because I need it to be able to work | 40 | 1 | 7 | 4.85 | 2.42 | 0.59 |
Q.II.3. After studying Spanish I hope… Value from 1 (total disagreement) to 7 (total agreement) | ||||||
No. | Min. | Max. | Mean | Std. Deviation | Correlation (homogeneity index) | |
Q.II.3.1 Being able to relate to more people | 40 | 4 | 7 | 6.50 | 1.01 | 0.57 |
Q.II.3.2 Relating myself better to my peers | 40 | 3 | 7 | 6.35 | 1.10 | 0.52 |
Q.II.3.3 Improving studies | 40 | 1 | 7 | 5.58 | 2.04 | 0.74 |
Q.II.3.4 Improve my CV | 40 | 1 | 7 | 5.60 | 2.01 | 0.81 |
Q.II.3.5 Being more prepared for work in Spain | 40 | 1 | 7 | 6.00 | 1.74 | 0.77 |
Q.II.3.6 Better understand Spain and the Spaniards | 40 | 3 | 7 | 6.55 | 0.90 | 0.73 |
Q.II.3.7 Manage myself better in daily life | 40 | 3 | 7 | 6.35 | 1.10 | 0.71 |
Q.II.3.8 I do not expect anything concrete | 40 | 1 | 7 | 2.63 | 2.16 | 0.43 |
BLOCK III. Aspects of teaching Spanish as a second language in the classroom | ||||||
Q.III.1. How much time do you devote to studying Spanish? Value from 0 (total disagreement) to 7 (total agreement) | ||||||
No. | Min. | Max. | Mean | Std. Deviation | Correlation (homogeneity index) | |
Q.III.1.1 As long as I can | 40 | 1 | 7 | 5.73 | 1.74 | 0.53 |
Q.III.1.2 Enough to keep moving well | 39 | 1 | 7 | 5.31 | 1.98 | 0.65 |
Q.III.1.3 A little time every day | 40 | 1 | 7 | 4.75 | 2.02 | 0.66 |
Q.III.1.4 Nothing, because I do not have much time | 40 | 1 | 7 | 3.35 | 2.25 | 0.37 |
Q.III.1.5 I have not raised it | 39 | 1 | 7 | 2.41 | 1.76 | 0.42 |
Q.III.2. From the following statements, rate the importance of these statements from 1 to 7 (1 = not important, 7 = very important). | ||||||
No. | Min. | Max. | Mean | Std. Deviation | Correlation (homogeneity index) | |
Q.III.2.1 Understanding what is said in Spanish | 40 | 3 | 7 | 6.28 | 1.20 | 0.86 |
Q.III.2.2 Speaking to others in Spanish | 40 | 3 | 7 | 6.43 | 1.11 | 0.83 |
Q.III.2.3 Understanding what I read in Spanish | 39 | 2 | 7 | 6.28 | 1.21 | 0.87 |
Q.III.2.4 Being able to write in Spanish | 40 | 2 | 7 | 6.30 | 1.32 | 0.91 |
Q.III.2.5 Translate into my mother tongue | 40 | 2 | 7 | 5.48 | 1.99 | 0.64 |
Q.III.3. The most important thing about a Spanish course as a foreign language is... Value from 1 to 7 (1 = not important, 7 = very important) | ||||||
No. | Min. | Max. | Mean | Std. Deviation | Correlation (homogeneity index) | |
Q.III.3.1 Grammar | 40 | 1 | 7 | 6.05 | 1.52 | 0.62 |
Q.III.3.2 Pronunciation | 40 | 1 | 7 | 5.68 | 1.95 | 0.74 |
Q.III.3.3 Vocabulary | 40 | 1 | 7 | 6.05 | 1.52 | 0.79 |
Q.III.3.4 Reading | 39 | 1 | 7 | 5.54 | 1.76 | 0.72 |
Q.III.3.5 Writing | 37 | 1 | 7 | 5.65 | 1.90 | 0.81 |
Q.III.3.6 The culture of the country | 40 | 2 | 7 | 5.63 | 1.41 | 0.55 |
Q.III.3.7 Communication with others | 40 | 2 | 7 | 6.00 | 1.48 | 0.79 |
Q.III.3.8 Non-verbal communication | 40 | 1 | 7 | 4.03 | 2.25 | 0.39 |
Q.III.4. What kind of activities do you prefer to do in class? Value from 1 (not important) to 7 (very important) | ||||||
No. | Min. | Max. | Mean | Std. Deviation | Correlation (homogeneity index) | |
Q.III.4.1 Grammar activities | 40 | 1 | 7 | 5.80 | 1.64 | 0.63 |
Q.III.4.2 Vocabulary activities | 38 | 1 | 7 | 5.97 | 1.52 | 0.65 |
Q.III.4.3 Listening activities | 40 | 1 | 7 | 5.75 | 1.64 | 0.72 |
Q.III.4.4 Oral expression and interaction activities | 40 | 2 | 7 | 5.98 | 1.42 | 0.81 |
Q.III.4.5 Reading comprehension activities | 40 | 2 | 7 | 5.53 | 1.62 | 0.66 |
Q.III.4.6 Written expression and interaction activities | 40 | 1 | 7 | 5.60 | 1.57 | 0.52 |
Q.III.4.7 Activities relating to Spanish culture | 40 | 1 | 7 | 5.70 | 1.54 | 0.63 |
Q.III.5. How do you think you learn Spanish better? Value from 1 to 7 (1 = not important, 7 = important) | ||||||
No. | Min. | Max. | Mean | Std. Deviation | Correlation (homogeneity index) | |
Q.III.5.1 Reading | 40 | 3 | 7 | 6.03 | 1.21 | 0.67 |
Q.III.5.2 Writing | 39 | 3 | 7 | 5.97 | 1.16 | 0.73 |
Q.III.5.3 Speaking | 40 | 4 | 7 | 6.48 | 1.13 | 0.67 |
Q.III.5.4 Listening | 40 | 4 | 7 | 6.30 | 0.91 | 0.73 |
Q.III.5.5 Playing | 40 | 1 | 7 | 5.55 | 1.97 | 0.61 |
Q.III.6. I like the classes at the OSL in Granada because... Value from 1 (total disagreement) to 7 (total agreement) | ||||||
No. | Min. | Max. | Mean | Std. Deviation | Correlation (homogeneity index) | |
Q.III.6.1 Because I can express myself freely | 40 | 3 | 7 | 5.85 | 1.44 | 0.63 |
Q.III.6.2 Because they make me feel good | 40 | 3 | 7 | 5.68 | 1.38 | 0.65 |
Q.III.6.3 Because I can speak about my country | 40 | 1 | 7 | 3.63 | 2.19 | 0.60 |
Q.III.6.4 Because the teacher considers my opinion | 40 | 2 | 7 | 5.50 | 1.59 | 0.74 |
Q.III.6.5 Because I can speak about myself | 40 | 1 | 7 | 4.23 | 1.90 | 0.69 |
Q.III.6.6 Because it is an easy language | 40 | 1 | 7 | 3.53 | 2.06 | 0.65 |
Q.III.6.7 Because it is fun | 40 | 1 | 7 | 5.03 | 1.66 | 0.54 |
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Asensio Pastor, M.I.; Carmona García, J.P. Exploratory Research for the Improvement of the Teaching of Spanish as a Second Language in a Spanish Public Center. Languages 2019, 4, 95. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages4040095
Asensio Pastor MI, Carmona García JP. Exploratory Research for the Improvement of the Teaching of Spanish as a Second Language in a Spanish Public Center. Languages. 2019; 4(4):95. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages4040095
Chicago/Turabian StyleAsensio Pastor, Margarita Isabel, and Juan Pablo Carmona García. 2019. "Exploratory Research for the Improvement of the Teaching of Spanish as a Second Language in a Spanish Public Center" Languages 4, no. 4: 95. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages4040095