Brazilian Bimodal Bilinguals as Heritage Signers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Heritage language: The Case of Hearing Children of Deaf Parents
2. Materials and Methods
- mean length of utterance;
- word-per-minute rate;
- distribution of word types used;
- types of syntactic constructions used;
- verbal morphology production accuracy.
2.1. Participants3
2.2. Procedure
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Empirical Discussion
1. | *DS(pato?-passou-na-frente-do-caminhão) |
duck?-pass-in-front-of-truck | |
‘The duck went in front of the truck like so.’ |
2. | HOMEM SUSTO+ | PATO | DS(pato-passar-frente-caminhão) | DS(pato-caminhar) |
man be-afraid | duck | duck-cross-in-front-of-the-truck | duck-walking | |
‘The man was frightened by the duck who was crossing in front of the truck like this.’ |
4.2. General Discussion
4.2.1. What Determines the Range of Variation within the Heritage Speaker Cohort that We Are Considering? What is the Role of Language Use in a Given Context?
4.2.2. What Areas Are Vulnerable in Both Languages and What Areas Are Robust? Why?
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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1 | We use a capital D for Deaf to indicate the linguistic-cultural group rather than a medical diagnosis. |
2 | We call the spoken language the second language because of chronology, even though the spoken language ends up being the dominant language (or the other language if they are balanced bilinguals). |
3 | Research approval was granted by the Review Board at the Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. IRB: CAAE 0014.0.242.000-09. |
Group | Participant | Interpreter? | Sign Rating * | Speech Rating * |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bimodal bilinguals | CL | yes | 7 | 7 |
MR | no | 6 | 7 | |
JB | no | 4 | 7 | |
NT | no | 3 | 6 | |
Deaf signers | RM | no | 7 | n/a |
FR | no | 7 | n/a | |
SD | no | 7 | n/a | |
MS | no | 7 | n/a | |
Hearing non-signers | ZE | no | n/a | 7 |
SZ | no | n/a | 7 | |
AR | no | n/a | 7 | |
VS | no | n/a | 7 |
Group | Participant | Sign Words/Minute | Speech Words/Minute | Ratio Speech:Sign | Sign MLUw | Speech MLUw | %Sign VMorph Errors |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bimodal bilinguals | CL | 73.84 | 74.29 | 1.01 | 5.50 | 7.46 | 0 |
MR | 86.25 | 155.60 | 1.81 | 3.63 | 6.40 | 3 | |
JB | 63.42 | 126.00 | 1.99 | 3.70 | 6.47 | 12 | |
NT | 48.15 | 41.66 | 0.87 | 2.54 | 5.00 | 59 | |
Deaf signers | RM | 129.12 | n/a | n/a | 7.27 | n/a | n/a |
FR | 79.81 | n/a | n/a | 6,68 | n/a | n/a | |
SD | 77.85 | n/a | n/a | 6,04 | n/a | n/a | |
MS | 100.71 | n/a | n/a | 5,64 | n/a | n/a | |
Hearing non-signers | ZE | n/a | 102.47 | n/a | n/a | 9.88 | n/a |
SZ | n/a | 107.14 | n/a | n/a | 9.00 | n/a | |
AR | n/a | 147.64 | n/a | n/a | 8.96 | n/a | |
VS | n/a | 143.63 | n/a | n/a | 6.37 | n/a |
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Quadros, R.M.d.; Lillo-Martin, D. Brazilian Bimodal Bilinguals as Heritage Signers. Languages 2018, 3, 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages3030032
Quadros RMd, Lillo-Martin D. Brazilian Bimodal Bilinguals as Heritage Signers. Languages. 2018; 3(3):32. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages3030032
Chicago/Turabian StyleQuadros, Ronice Müller de, and Diane Lillo-Martin. 2018. "Brazilian Bimodal Bilinguals as Heritage Signers" Languages 3, no. 3: 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages3030032