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Article

Design to Deployment: Flight Schedule-Based Analysis of Hybrid Electric Aircraft Variants in U.S. Regional Carrier Operations

1
Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Michigan, 1320 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
2
RTX Corporation, Hartford, CT 06108, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Aerospace 2025, 12(7), 598; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12070598
Submission received: 4 June 2025 / Revised: 27 June 2025 / Accepted: 28 June 2025 / Published: 30 June 2025

Abstract

This study evaluates the feasibility and benefits of introducing battery-powered hybrid electric aircraft (HEA) into regional airline operations. Using 2019 U.S. domestic flight data, the ERJ175LR is selected as a representative aircraft, and several HEA variants are designed to match its mission profile under different battery technologies and power management strategies. These configurations are then tested across over 800 actual daily flight sequences flown by a regional airline. The results show that well-designed HEA can achieve 3–7% fuel savings compared to conventional aircraft, with several variants able to complete all scheduled missions without disrupting turnaround times. These findings suggest that HEA can be integrated into today’s airline operations, particularly for short-haul routes, without the need for major infrastructure or scheduling changes, and highlight opportunities for future co-optimization of aircraft design and operations.
Keywords: electrified aircraft design; electrified aircraft operations; airline operations; fleet planning electrified aircraft design; electrified aircraft operations; airline operations; fleet planning

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Cassidy, E.; Mokotoff, P.R.; Deng, Y.; Ikeda, M.; Kirsch, K.; Li, M.Z.; Cinar, G. Design to Deployment: Flight Schedule-Based Analysis of Hybrid Electric Aircraft Variants in U.S. Regional Carrier Operations. Aerospace 2025, 12, 598. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12070598

AMA Style

Cassidy E, Mokotoff PR, Deng Y, Ikeda M, Kirsch K, Li MZ, Cinar G. Design to Deployment: Flight Schedule-Based Analysis of Hybrid Electric Aircraft Variants in U.S. Regional Carrier Operations. Aerospace. 2025; 12(7):598. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12070598

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cassidy, Emma, Paul R. Mokotoff, Yilin Deng, Michael Ikeda, Kathryn Kirsch, Max Z. Li, and Gokcin Cinar. 2025. "Design to Deployment: Flight Schedule-Based Analysis of Hybrid Electric Aircraft Variants in U.S. Regional Carrier Operations" Aerospace 12, no. 7: 598. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12070598

APA Style

Cassidy, E., Mokotoff, P. R., Deng, Y., Ikeda, M., Kirsch, K., Li, M. Z., & Cinar, G. (2025). Design to Deployment: Flight Schedule-Based Analysis of Hybrid Electric Aircraft Variants in U.S. Regional Carrier Operations. Aerospace, 12(7), 598. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12070598

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