Extracting the Spatial Correlation of Wall Pressure Fluctuations Using Physically Driven Artificial Neural Network
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Basis Theory
2.1. Wall Pressure Fluctuation Model
2.2. Conventional Method
2.3. Physically Driven ANN
3. Theoretical Validation
4. Measurement Data Analysis
4.1. High-Frequency Effect
4.2. Low-Frequency Effect
4.3. Flow Velocity Effect
4.4. Sensor Distribution Effect
4.5. Dead Pixels Effect
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The developed ANN proves effective in calculating the convective speed at high frequencies. By using the multi-point analysis (MPA) technique on the measurement data before calculating the convective velocity, the frequency applicability and data convergence of the ANN method can be significantly improved.
- (2)
- The low-frequency limit of the ANN is determined by four times the length of the sensor array in the flow direction, while the calculation error for high frequencies is primarily influenced by the sensor spacing of the sensor array. The higher the accuracy of the measurement data, the better the convergence of the ANN calculation.
- (3)
- The accuracy of flow velocity calculation slightly decreases when using the sensor distribution form different from the original sensor array. This reduction is generated by the decrease in sensor utilization, leading to a decrease in the robustness of the ANN method.
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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No | Conditions | LLPIF |
---|---|---|
1 | = 1.5 | 90 Hz |
2 | = 1 | 80 Hz |
3 | = 0.5 | 55 Hz |
4 | = 0.05 | 15 Hz |
5 | = 0.005 | 5 Hz |
6 | MPA | 5 Hz |
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Sun, J.; Chen, X.; Zhang, Y.; Lv, J.; Zhao, X. Extracting the Spatial Correlation of Wall Pressure Fluctuations Using Physically Driven Artificial Neural Network. Aerospace 2025, 12, 112. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12020112
Sun J, Chen X, Zhang Y, Lv J, Zhao X. Extracting the Spatial Correlation of Wall Pressure Fluctuations Using Physically Driven Artificial Neural Network. Aerospace. 2025; 12(2):112. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12020112
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Jian, Xinyuan Chen, Yiqian Zhang, Jinan Lv, and Xiaojian Zhao. 2025. "Extracting the Spatial Correlation of Wall Pressure Fluctuations Using Physically Driven Artificial Neural Network" Aerospace 12, no. 2: 112. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12020112
APA StyleSun, J., Chen, X., Zhang, Y., Lv, J., & Zhao, X. (2025). Extracting the Spatial Correlation of Wall Pressure Fluctuations Using Physically Driven Artificial Neural Network. Aerospace, 12(2), 112. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12020112