Numerical Simulation of Winter Precipitation over the Western Himalayas Using a Weather Research and Forecasting Model during 2001–2016
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Model Configuration
3.2. Data
3.3. Methodology
4. Results
4.1. Winter Precipitation Climatology, Variability and Trends over WH
4.2. Atmospheric Dynamics and Thermodynamics during the Winter Season
4.3. Skill Scores for Different Rainfall Amounts
5. Discussion and Summary
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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WRF Model Setup | |
---|---|
Initial, lateral boundary condition | European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Interim Reanalysis (ERAI) (0.758°) |
Domain extends | 30 °W–130 °E, 30 °S–45 °N |
Convective Parameterization Scheme | KF scheme [42,51] |
Microphysical scheme | Thompson scheme [53] |
Radiation schemes (Shortwave, Longwave) | Rapid Radiative Transfer Model for global circulation models (RRTMG) [55] |
Planetary boundary layer scheme | Mellor–Yamada–Nakanishi–Niino turbulent kinetic energy scheme [54] |
Land surface scheme | Noah land surface model scheme [56] |
Dataset | Spatial Coverage | Temporal Coverage | Spatial Resolution | Temporal Resolution | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GPM-IMERG | Global | 2001–2016 | 0.1° × 0.1° | Half hourly | Huffman et al., 2015 [61] |
IMD | India | 2001–2016 | 0.25° × 0.25° | Daily | Pai et al., 2014 [60] |
ERA5 | Global | 2001–2016 | 0.25° × 0.25° | 1 hourly | Hersbach et al., 2020 [57] |
IMDAA | South Asia and adjoining regions | 2001–2016 | 0.108° × 0.108° | 1 hourly, 3-hourly | Rani et al., 2021 [59] |
IMERG | IMD | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D01 (D02) | <25 P | 25–90 P | 90–95 P | >95 P | <25 P | 25–90 P | 90–95 P | >95 P |
POD | 0.42 (0.38) | 0.65 (0.65) | 0.52 (0.52) | 0.31 (0.28) | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.86 (0.86) | 0.52 (0.52) | 0.41 (0.36) |
FAR | 0.65 (0.70) | 0.26 (0.26) | 0.49 (0.49) | 0.91 (0.91) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.49 (0.49) | 0.78 (0.81) |
CSI | 0.24 (0.20) | 0.53 (0.53) | 0.35 (0.35) | 0.08 (0.07) | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.79 (0.79) | 0.35 (0.35) | 0.17 (0.14) |
HSS | 0.15 (0.07) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.08 (0.06) | 0.06 (0.03) | 0.15 (0.16) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.24 (0.20) |
ERA5 | IMDAA | |||||||
D01 (D02) | <25 P | 25–90 P | 90–95 P | >95 P | <25 P | 25–90 P | 90–95 P | >95 P |
POD | 0.36 (0.40) | 0.73 (0.72) | 0.52 (0.52) | 0.28 (0.27) | 0.36 (0.38) | 0.74 (0.73) | 0.52 (0.52) | 0.34 (0.30) |
FAR | 0.55 (0.56) | 0.26 (0.26) | 0.49 (0.49) | 0.84 (0.85) | 0.54 (0.57) | 0.26 (0.26) | 0.49 (0.49) | 0.79 (0.82) |
CSI | 0.25 (0.26) | 0.53 (0.53) | 0.35 (0.35) | 0.11 (0.11) | 0.26 (0.26) | 0.59 (0.59) | 0.35 (0.35) | 0.15 (0.13) |
HSS | 0.23 (0.23) | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.15 (0.13) | 0.24 (0.23) | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.21 (0.18) |
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Punde, P.; Nischal; Attada, R.; Aggarwal, D.; Radhakrishnan, C. Numerical Simulation of Winter Precipitation over the Western Himalayas Using a Weather Research and Forecasting Model during 2001–2016. Climate 2022, 10, 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli10110160
Punde P, Nischal, Attada R, Aggarwal D, Radhakrishnan C. Numerical Simulation of Winter Precipitation over the Western Himalayas Using a Weather Research and Forecasting Model during 2001–2016. Climate. 2022; 10(11):160. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli10110160
Chicago/Turabian StylePunde, Pravin, Nischal, Raju Attada, Deepanshu Aggarwal, and Chandrasekar Radhakrishnan. 2022. "Numerical Simulation of Winter Precipitation over the Western Himalayas Using a Weather Research and Forecasting Model during 2001–2016" Climate 10, no. 11: 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli10110160