Evaluation of Bioclimatic Discomfort Trend in a Central Area of the Mediterranean Sea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. Thom Discomfort Index
2.4. Trend Analysis Method
3. Results and Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Number of Days for Each Class | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Years | Ist | IInd | IIIrd | IVth | Vth | VIth | Ist | IInd | IIIrd | IVth | Vth | VIth | Ist | IInd | IIIrd | IVth | Vth | VIth |
AG | CL | CT | ||||||||||||||||
2002 | 135 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101 | 47 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 58 | 42 | 47 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
2003 | 93 | 60 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 71 | 73 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 58 | 28 | 66 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
2004 | 139 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 90 | 61 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 67 | 56 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2005 | 141 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 86 | 63 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 65 | 64 | 23 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
2006 | 132 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 80 | 64 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 61 | 58 | 33 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
2007 | 129 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 83 | 56 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 64 | 56 | 29 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
2008 | 129 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 70 | 76 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 63 | 52 | 36 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
2009 | 115 | 38 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 68 | 78 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 54 | 57 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2010 | 127 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 80 | 59 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 71 | 48 | 34 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2011 | 135 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 63 | 78 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 58 | 56 | 39 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2012 | 111 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 59 | 70 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 48 | 53 | 52 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2013 | 137 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 88 | 61 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 74 | 45 | 34 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2014 | 139 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 87 | 66 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 57 | 70 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2015 | 110 | 43 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 75 | 66 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 61 | 48 | 42 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
2016 | 144 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 81 | 71 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 66 | 55 | 32 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2017 | 131 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 76 | 64 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 51 | 56 | 41 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
2018 | 144 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 79 | 70 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 56 | 63 | 34 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2019 | 117 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 58 | 84 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 44 | 48 | 60 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
2020 | 120 | 33 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 61 | 76 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 55 | 57 | 41 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2021 | 111 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 64 | 62 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 56 | 33 | 58 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
EN | ME | PA | ||||||||||||||||
2002 | 153 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 75 | 40 | 34 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 70 | 49 | 30 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
2003 | 153 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 65 | 61 | 24 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 63 | 47 | 40 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
2004 | 153 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 86 | 56 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 76 | 66 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2005 | 153 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 99 | 42 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 81 | 59 | 12 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
2006 | 153 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 84 | 54 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 72 | 60 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2007 | 152 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 90 | 40 | 20 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 75 | 54 | 22 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
2008 | 153 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 76 | 66 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 66 | 68 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2009 | 153 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 83 | 61 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 71 | 60 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2010 | 153 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 89 | 54 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 82 | 54 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2011 | 153 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 93 | 52 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 77 | 65 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2012 | 153 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 68 | 66 | 16 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 63 | 62 | 26 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
2013 | 153 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 97 | 49 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 84 | 65 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2014 | 153 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 95 | 46 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 83 | 62 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2015 | 153 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 77 | 57 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 72 | 58 | 22 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
2016 | 153 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 95 | 54 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 87 | 62 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2017 | 153 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 83 | 48 | 20 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 78 | 55 | 19 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
2018 | 153 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 94 | 54 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 74 | 69 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2019 | 153 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 71 | 64 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 60 | 67 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2020 | 153 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 80 | 59 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 64 | 71 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2021 | 121 | 32 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 79 | 38 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 61 | 51 | 39 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Number of Days for Each Class | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Years | Ist | IInd | IIIrd | IVth | Vth | VIth | Ist | IInd | IIIrd | IVth | Vth | VIth | Ist | IInd | IIIrd | IVth | Vth | VIth |
RG | SR | TP | ||||||||||||||||
2002 | 45 | 58 | 41 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 40 | 43 | 55 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 43 | 53 | 45 | 12 | 0 | 0 |
2003 | 39 | 34 | 65 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 49 | 23 | 70 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 34 | 34 | 57 | 27 | 1 | 0 |
2004 | 54 | 63 | 35 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 49 | 49 | 52 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 53 | 43 | 53 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
2005 | 55 | 70 | 27 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 46 | 60 | 41 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 52 | 64 | 33 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
2006 | 50 | 45 | 57 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 39 | 52 | 56 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 50 | 51 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
2007 | 48 | 54 | 42 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 39 | 54 | 49 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 46 | 54 | 39 | 13 | 1 | 0 |
2008 | 52 | 30 | 69 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 49 | 22 | 74 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 53 | 25 | 70 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
2009 | 29 | 60 | 63 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 52 | 68 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 37 | 53 | 59 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
2010 | 51 | 55 | 45 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 47 | 43 | 57 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 56 | 47 | 44 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
2011 | 48 | 52 | 51 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 48 | 52 | 50 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 47 | 51 | 53 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
2012 | 42 | 36 | 69 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 40 | 39 | 68 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 44 | 34 | 65 | 8 | 2 | 0 |
2013 | 56 | 46 | 50 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 48 | 48 | 54 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 58 | 40 | 54 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
2014 | 43 | 63 | 47 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 38 | 52 | 61 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 44 | 64 | 45 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2015 | 42 | 43 | 55 | 12 | 1 | 0 | 35 | 45 | 58 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 41 | 45 | 52 | 14 | 1 | 0 |
2016 | 43 | 49 | 60 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 43 | 43 | 65 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 54 | 50 | 48 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
2017 | 43 | 44 | 51 | 13 | 2 | 0 | 41 | 35 | 58 | 18 | 1 | 0 | 46 | 50 | 50 | 6 | 1 | 0 |
2018 | 36 | 54 | 60 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 34 | 48 | 69 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 40 | 62 | 46 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
2019 | 35 | 39 | 66 | 12 | 1 | 0 | 35 | 33 | 75 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 38 | 36 | 71 | 8 | 0 | 0 |
2020 | 43 | 39 | 64 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 41 | 37 | 65 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 44 | 48 | 56 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
2021 | 34 | 35 | 62 | 19 | 3 | 0 | 37 | 31 | 56 | 25 | 4 | 0 | 38 | 40 | 54 | 17 | 4 | 0 |
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Range (°C) | TDI Class | Description |
---|---|---|
<21 | Ist | No discomfort |
21–23.9 | IInd | Under 50% of the population feels discomfort |
24–26.9 | IIIrd | Over 50% of the population feels discomfort |
27–28.9 | IVth | Most of the population suffers discomfort |
29–31.9 | Vth | Everyone feels severe stress |
>32 | VIth | Medical emergency |
Prov. | Month | N° Obs. | Min | Max | Mean | Std. Dev. | ZS | p-Value | Test Interpretation (α = 0.05) | Trend |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
May | 620 | 10.76 | 20.78 | 15.64 | 1.66 | −1.039 | 0.298 | Accept H0 | No Trend | |
June | 600 | 12.87 | 23.47 | 18.66 | 1.81 | 0.563 | 0.573 | Accept H0 | No Trend | |
AG | July | 620 | 17.23 | 23.72 | 20.52 | 1.11 | 0.182 | 0.855 | Accept H0 | No Trend |
August | 620 | 17.21 | 23.84 | 20.59 | 1.13 | 3.894 | 0.001 | Reject H0 | Increasing | |
September | 600 | 13.70 | 22.33 | 18.46 | 1.53 | 4.504 | <0.001 | Reject H0 | Increasing | |
May | 620 | 10.96 | 23.17 | 16.81 | 2.02 | 0.937 | 0.348 | Accept H0 | No Trend | |
June | 600 | 12.95 | 25.25 | 20.33 | 2.15 | 1.967 | 0.041 | Reject H0 | Increasing | |
CL | July | 620 | 18.47 | 26.11 | 22.64 | 1.29 | 3.341 | 0.008 | Reject H0 | Increasing |
August | 620 | 18.03 | 25.82 | 22.67 | 1.33 | 6.381 | <0.001 | Reject H0 | Increasing | |
September | 600 | 14.16 | 24.59 | 20.04 | 1.93 | 6.774 | <0.001 | Reject H0 | Increasing | |
May | 620 | 10.57 | 23.77 | 17.49 | 2.27 | −0.971 | 0.331 | Accept H0 | No Trend | |
June | 600 | 14.12 | 27.28 | 21.52 | 2.48 | −0.008 | 0.993 | Accept H0 | No Trend | |
CT | July | 620 | 19.55 | 28.38 | 23.96 | 1.55 | 0.214 | 0.830 | Accept H0 | No Trend |
August | 620 | 19.46 | 28.36 | 24.08 | 1.49 | 2.985 | 0.002 | Reject H0 | Increasing | |
September | 600 | 15.12 | 26.21 | 20.95 | 2.14 | 3.719 | 0.002 | Reject H0 | Increasing | |
May | 620 | 8.38 | 18.45 | 12.84 | 1.79 | 8.012 | <0.001 | Reject H0 | Increasing | |
June | 600 | 9.64 | 22.64 | 15.65 | 2.11 | 10.932 | <0.001 | Reject H0 | Increasing | |
EN | July | 620 | 11.68 | 22.36 | 17.36 | 1.64 | 15.791 | <0.001 | Reject H0 | Increasing |
August | 620 | 10.97 | 23.11 | 17.25 | 1.69 | 13.762 | <0.001 | Reject H0 | Increasing | |
September | 600 | 10.22 | 21.08 | 14.99 | 1.86 | 12.561 | <0.001 | Reject H0 | Increasing | |
May | 620 | 8.55 | 24.79 | 15.91 | 2.62 | −2.672 | 0.007 | Reject H0 | Decreasing | |
June | 600 | 11.89 | 28.46 | 20.02 | 2.88 | −1.231 | 0.218 | Accept H0 | No Trend | |
ME | July | 620 | 17.35 | 29.26 | 22.48 | 1.86 | −1.857 | 0.063 | Accept H0 | No Trend |
August | 620 | 18.35 | 28.19 | 22.68 | 1.79 | 0.956 | 0.339 | Reject H0 | Increasing | |
September | 600 | 13.63 | 26.30 | 19.59 | 2.24 | 2.451 | 0.014 | Reject H0 | Increasing | |
May | 620 | 9.62 | 24.54 | 16.58 | 2.41 | −2.131 | 0.033 | Reject H0 | Decreasing | |
June | 600 | 12.47 | 28.51 | 20.58 | 2.58 | −0.789 | 0.423 | Accept H0 | No Trend | |
PA | July | 620 | 17.88 | 28.61 | 22.97 | 1.61 | −1.328 | 0.184 | Accept H0 | No Trend |
August | 620 | 18.97 | 27.95 | 23.05 | 1.62 | 1.245 | 0.213 | Accept H0 | No Trend | |
September | 600 | 14.13 | 25.78 | 20.17 | 2.07 | 2.811 | 0.005 | Reject H0 | Increasing | |
May | 620 | 12.73 | 25.16 | 18.27 | 2.21 | 0.083 | 0.934 | Accept H0 | No Trend | |
June | 600 | 15.43 | 29.28 | 22.27 | 2.46 | 2.084 | 0.037 | Reject H0 | Increasing | |
RG | July | 620 | 20.39 | 29.18 | 24.78 | 1.56 | 4.109 | <0.001 | Reject H0 | Increasing |
August | 620 | 20.55 | 29.49 | 25.12 | 1.55 | 6.832 | <0.001 | Reject H0 | Increasing | |
September | 600 | 16.38 | 27.66 | 22.37 | 2.03 | 5.221 | <0.001 | Reject H0 | Increasing | |
May | 620 | 12.71 | 24.23 | 18.45 | 2.06 | 2.938 | 0.003 | Reject H0 | Increasing | |
June | 600 | 16.15 | 28.47 | 22.69 | 2.37 | 1.787 | 0.074 | Accept H0 | No Trend | |
SR | July | 600 | 16.64 | 27.81 | 22.53 | 2.01 | 2.649 | 0.008 | Reject H0 | Increasing |
August | 620 | 20.96 | 29.41 | 25.51 | 1.41 | 4.929 | <0.001 | Reject H0 | Increasing | |
September | 600 | 16.64 | 27.80 | 22.53 | 2.02 | 4.452 | <0.001 | Reject H0 | Increasing | |
May | 620 | 11.32 | 25.51 | 18.24 | 2.24 | −2.633 | 0.008 | Reject H0 | Decreasing | |
June | 600 | 14.57 | 28.83 | 22.34 | 2.51 | −0.002 | 0.998 | Accept H0 | No Trend | |
TP | July | 620 | 20.32 | 29.27 | 24.99 | 1.61 | −0.039 | 0.968 | Accept H0 | No Trend |
August | 620 | 20.79 | 30.12 | 25.17 | 1.65 | 3.255 | 0.001 | Reject H0 | Increasing | |
September | 600 | 15.88 | 27.72 | 22.21 | 2.11 | 3.622 | 0.001 | Reject H0 | Increasing |
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Monforte, P.; Ragusa, M.A. Evaluation of Bioclimatic Discomfort Trend in a Central Area of the Mediterranean Sea. Climate 2022, 10, 146. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli10100146
Monforte P, Ragusa MA. Evaluation of Bioclimatic Discomfort Trend in a Central Area of the Mediterranean Sea. Climate. 2022; 10(10):146. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli10100146
Chicago/Turabian StyleMonforte, Pietro, and Maria Alessandra Ragusa. 2022. "Evaluation of Bioclimatic Discomfort Trend in a Central Area of the Mediterranean Sea" Climate 10, no. 10: 146. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli10100146