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Volume 15
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

An Analytical Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor-Network Framework for Deformation Monitoring of Spacecraft and Launch-Vehicle Structures

by
Nurzhigit Smailov
1,
Kydyrali Yssyraiyl
1,
Gulbahar Yussupova
1,2,
Askhat Batyrgaliyev
1,*,
Sauletbek Koshkinbayev
1,3,*,
Ainur Kuttybayeva
1,
Zhiger Zhanatayuly
1 and
Akezhan Sabibolda
1,*
1
Department of Electronics, Telecommunications and Space Technologies, Satbayev University, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan
2
Department of Radio Engineering and Telecommunications, ALT University Named After Mukhametzhan Tynyshbayev, 97 Shevchenko Str., Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan
3
IT and Telecommunications Sector, Miras University, Shymkent 160000, Kazakhstan
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Sens. Actuator Netw. 2026, 15(5), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan15050071
Submission received: 17 July 2026 / Revised: 21 August 2026 / Accepted: 24 August 2026 / Published: 26 August 2026
Versions Notes

Abstract

Spacecraft and launch-vehicle structures require lightweight multipoint monitoring under combined mechanical, thermal, and environmental loads. This study presents an analytical fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor-network workflow integrating reference-grating temperature compensation, regional strain assessment, opposite-surface curvature sensing, wavelength-division-multiplexing allocation, and strain-to-shape reconstruction. The deterministic compensation case is used only as a self-consistency check, whereas practical robustness is assessed through 10,000 Monte Carlo trials incorporating packaged-coefficient mismatch, temperature nonuniformity, wavelength noise, strain-transfer variation, drift, and calibration uncertainty. The calibrated estimator achieved a median strain mean absolute error of 1.73 με and a 95th-percentile error of 4.22 με. The defined finite-element benchmarks produced a maximum engine-mount truss strain of 456.2 με under the defined loads and a median full-field panel-reconstruction normalized root-mean-square error of 1.29% for 18 sensing locations with 2 με noise. Conservative WDM analysis yielded 54, 13, and 16 channels for three operating envelopes, and the prescribed random-vibration spectrum produced 6.78 grms. These results demonstrate a reproducible numerical proof of concept and define practical limits for compensation, spectral allocation, curvature interpretation, and inverse reconstruction; they do not constitute experimental validation or flight qualification.
Keywords: fiber Bragg grating; optical sensor network; multipoint structural monitoring; spacecraft and launch-vehicle structures; temperature compensation; strain measurement; deformation-field representation; CubeSat solar panel fiber Bragg grating; optical sensor network; multipoint structural monitoring; spacecraft and launch-vehicle structures; temperature compensation; strain measurement; deformation-field representation; CubeSat solar panel

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MDPI and ACS Style

Smailov, N.; Yssyraiyl, K.; Yussupova, G.; Batyrgaliyev, A.; Koshkinbayev, S.; Kuttybayeva, A.; Zhanatayuly, Z.; Sabibolda, A. An Analytical Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor-Network Framework for Deformation Monitoring of Spacecraft and Launch-Vehicle Structures. J. Sens. Actuator Netw. 2026, 15, 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan15050071

AMA Style

Smailov N, Yssyraiyl K, Yussupova G, Batyrgaliyev A, Koshkinbayev S, Kuttybayeva A, Zhanatayuly Z, Sabibolda A. An Analytical Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor-Network Framework for Deformation Monitoring of Spacecraft and Launch-Vehicle Structures. Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks. 2026; 15(5):71. https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan15050071

Chicago/Turabian Style

Smailov, Nurzhigit, Kydyrali Yssyraiyl, Gulbahar Yussupova, Askhat Batyrgaliyev, Sauletbek Koshkinbayev, Ainur Kuttybayeva, Zhiger Zhanatayuly, and Akezhan Sabibolda. 2026. "An Analytical Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor-Network Framework for Deformation Monitoring of Spacecraft and Launch-Vehicle Structures" Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 15, no. 5: 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan15050071

APA Style

Smailov, N., Yssyraiyl, K., Yussupova, G., Batyrgaliyev, A., Koshkinbayev, S., Kuttybayeva, A., Zhanatayuly, Z., & Sabibolda, A. (2026). An Analytical Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor-Network Framework for Deformation Monitoring of Spacecraft and Launch-Vehicle Structures. Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks, 15(5), 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan15050071

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