Uncoupled Wi-Fi Body CoM Acceleration for the Analysis of Lightweight Glass Slabs under Random Walks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Methods
3. Description of Walk-Induced Effects
3.1. Experimental Setup and Record Acquisitions (WL1)
3.2. Deterministic Numerical Model (WL2)
3.3. Characteristics of Experimental Laboratory Walks
4. Finite Element Numerical Analysis
4.1. Slab Features and Modelling
- GS1 = linear supports along the B edges of LG module, with A edges unrestrained.
- GS2 = linear supports along the short A edges of LG module. In this case, two pairs of pre-stressed tendons (AISI 316 steel, 10 mm diameter), installed at mid-span with mechanical unilateral point fixings, were also taken into account to avoid large bending deformations due to vertical loads from pedestrians [9].
4.2. Loading Strategy and Solving Approach
- WL1 = a set of FE models in which a single degree of freedom (SDOF) system was rigidly connected to a slab, see Figure 12a, to apply body effects on the base of vertical acceleration time histories (from laboratory experiments in Section 3 and Equation (1)) and a CoM lumped mass representative of the involved volunteer (M = 80 kg). The vertical force transferred by a pedestrian on a substructure can in fact be estimated from Newton’s second law of motion, where the dynamic term from experimental input can be expressed as:
- WL2 = a set of FE models in which the pedestrian input was described on the base of the deterministic approach in Equation (2), as in Figure 12b, for various walking frequencies fs. The range 1.5–2.5 Hz was numerically explored (with M = 80 kg and a progressive frequency increase of 0.1 Hz)
5. Discussion of Results
5.1. GS1 Performance Indicators
5.2. GS2 Performance Indicators
5.3. CS3 Performance Indicators
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Coefficient | fs (Hz) | ||
---|---|---|---|
≤1.75 | 1.75 ÷ 2 | ≥2 | |
K1 | −8 fs + 38 | 24 fs − 18 | 75 fs − 120 |
K2 | 376 fs − 844 | −404 fs + 521 | −1720 fs + 3153 |
K3 | −2804 fs + 6025 | 4224 fs − 6274 | 17,055 fs − 31,936 |
K4 | 6308 fs − 16,573 | −29,144 fs + 45,468 | −94,265 fs + 175,710 |
K5 | 1732 fs − 13,619 | 109,976 fs − 175,808 | 298,940 fs − 553,736 |
K6 | −24,638 fs + 16,045 | −217,424 fs + 353,403 | −529,390 fs + 977,335 |
K7 | 31,836 fs − 33,614 | 212,776 fs − 350,259 | 481,665 fs − 888,073 |
K8 | −12,948 fs + 15,532 | −81,572 fs + 135,624 | −174,265 fs + 321,008 |
Samples | Frequency | Length | Velocity | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
fs (Hz) | Range (Hz) | Ls (m) | R | vs (m/s) | R | |
40 | 1.517 (±0.153) | 1.248–1.769 | 0.702 (±0.124) | 0.66 | 1.078 (±0.270) | 0.84 |
Samples | Peak | Average | Peak-to-Peak | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(m/s2) | Range (m/s2) | R | (m/s2) | R | (m/s2) | R | |
40 | 3.348 (±1.057) | 1.840–5.913 | 0.71 | 0.0032 (±0.003) | 0.34 | 6.219 (±1.736) | 0.75 |
Material Property | Unit | Glass | Interlayer | Steel (for GS2 Only) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Modulus of elasticity | MPa | 70000 | 4 | 160000 |
Poisson’s ratio | - | 0.23 | 0.49 | 0.3 |
Density | kg/m3 | 2500 | 1100 | 7850 |
Slab | Material | Size (m2) | Span (m) | Thickness (m) | Span/Thickness | λ | MTOT (kg) | RM | f1 * (Hz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GS1 | Laminated glass | 1.35 × 2.65 | 1.35 | 0.04352 | ≈31 | 107 | 320 | ≈4 | 51.2 |
GS2 | Laminated glass | 1.35 × 2.65 | 2.65 | 0.04352 | ≈61 | 211 | 320 | ≈4 | 14.3 |
CS3 | Concrete | 5 × 6 | 5 | 0.15 | ≈33 | 115 | 11,250 | ≈140 | 7.1 |
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Bedon, C.; Noè, S. Uncoupled Wi-Fi Body CoM Acceleration for the Analysis of Lightweight Glass Slabs under Random Walks. J. Sens. Actuator Netw. 2022, 11, 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan11010010
Bedon C, Noè S. Uncoupled Wi-Fi Body CoM Acceleration for the Analysis of Lightweight Glass Slabs under Random Walks. Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks. 2022; 11(1):10. https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan11010010
Chicago/Turabian StyleBedon, Chiara, and Salvatore Noè. 2022. "Uncoupled Wi-Fi Body CoM Acceleration for the Analysis of Lightweight Glass Slabs under Random Walks" Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 11, no. 1: 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan11010010
APA StyleBedon, C., & Noè, S. (2022). Uncoupled Wi-Fi Body CoM Acceleration for the Analysis of Lightweight Glass Slabs under Random Walks. Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks, 11(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan11010010