Effects of Inorganic Salt Solutions on Vigour, Viability, Oxidative Metabolism and Germination Enzymes in Aged Cabbage and Lettuce Seeds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effect of the Application of Inorganic Salt Solutions on % Seedling Production and Vigour of Cabbage and Lettuce Seeds
2.2. Effect of the Application of Inorganic Salt Solutions on Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Lettuce Seeds
2.3. Effect of the Application of Inorganic Salt Solutions on Enzymatic Antioxidant Activities of Lettuce Seeds
2.4. Effect of the Application of Inorganic Salt Solutions on Germination-Related Enzymes in Lettuce Seeds
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Seed Material
4.2. Seed Vigour Assessment
4.3. Controlled Deterioration
4.4. Preparation of Inorganic Salt Solutions
4.5. Application of Inorganic Salt Hydration Treatment
4.5.1. Assessment of Oxidative Stress and Germinability Biomarkers
Electrolyte Conductivity
Conjugated Dienes
4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal (4-HNE)
Protein Carbonylation Evaluation
4.5.2. Enzymatic Antioxidant Activity
Catalase Activity
Glutathione Reductase
Superoxide Dismutase
4.5.3. Germination Associated Enzymes
α-Amylase Activity
β-1,3-Glucanase Activity
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hydration Treatments | AS (%) for P75 | AS (%) for P50 | AS (%) for P25 | AS (%) for P75 | AS (%) for P50 | AS (%) for P25 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cabbage Seeds | Cabbage Seeds | Cabbage Seeds | Lettuce Seeds | Lettuce Seeds | Lettuce Seeds | |
DW | 11.00 ± 8.75 NS | 18.50 ± 10.89 a | 20.00 ± 5.24 a | 6.50 ± 6.74 NS | 11.50 ± 9.18 NS | 9.00 ± 4.14 b |
CaCl2 | 5.50 ± 5.21 NS | 9.00 ± 8.49 NS | 12.50 ± 8.67 NS | 7.00 ± 5.13 NS | 9.00 ± 7.33 NS | 13.00 ± 5.95 NS |
CaCl2 CW | 1.50 ± 2.98 NS | 7.50 ± 6.95 NS | 7.50 ±9.18 b | 3.00 ± 4.66 NS | 4.00 ± 5.66 NS | 7.00 ± 7.63 NS |
CaMg | 6.50 ± 6.39 NS | 12.50 ± 3.34 NS | 8.00 ± 5.24 b | 3.00 ± 04.66 NS | 10.50 ± 5.21 NS | 8.50 ± 6.21 NS |
CaMg CW | 5.00 ± 5.95 NS | 17.50 ± 7.39 NS | 6.00 ± 5.24 b | 3.50 ± 4.50 NS | 5.50 ± 7.07 NS | 11.00 ± 4.66 NS |
CaMg CW (6.5) | 7.00 ± 5.55 NS | 14.00 ± 4.78 NS | 10.00 ± 4.78 b | 3.00 ± 3.55 NS | 4.00 ± 3.02 NS | 8.00 ± 6.76 NS |
MgCl2 | 6.50 ± 6.39 NS | 10.50 ± 4.24 NS | 8.00 ± 4.78 b | 4.00 ± 6.05 NS | 2.50 ± 5.63 NS | 12.00 ± 5.66 NS |
MgCl2 CW | 7.00 ± 6.32 NS | 13.50 ± 5.21 NS | 14.00 ± 5.66 NS | 1.50 ± 2.98 NS | 6.50 ± 6.39 NS | 11.00 ± 5.13 NS |
NaCl | 16.00 ± 8.00 NS | 23.50 ± 6.57 NS | 4.75 ± 1.58 b | 2.75 ± 1.83 NS | 18.00 ± 3.70 NS | 19.00 ± 4.14 a |
NaCl CW | 9.50 ± 5.63 NS | 7.50 ± 4.14 NS | 9.00 ± 8.21 b | 0.50 ± 1.41 NS | 8.50 ± 5.83 NS | 10.50 ± 6.02 NS |
NaCl CW (6.5) | 8.00 ± 4.78 NS | 6.50 ± 5.95 b | 9.00 ± 5.95 b | 5.00 ± 4.14 NS | 6.00 ± 5.66 NS | 5.00 ± 6.32 NS |
Hydration Treatments | % Normal Seedlings for Fresh Seeds | % Normal Seedlings for CDd (P75) Seeds | % Normal Seedlings for CDd (P50) Seeds | % Normal Seedlings for CDd (P25) Seeds |
---|---|---|---|---|
DW | 89.00 ± 9.26 NS | 72.00 ± 14.81 NS | 43.00 ± 10.64 a | 20.00 ± 3.02 NS |
CaCl2 | 94.00 ± 6.76 NS | 71.00 ± 9.74 NS | 26.00 ± 7.09 b | 17.00 ± 7.33 NS |
CaCl2 CW | 94.50 ± 5.21 NS | 78.50 ± 10.01 NS | 21.50 ± 10.24 b | 19.00 ± 6.32 NS |
CaMg | 92.50 ± 7.54 NS | 63.50 ± 12.91 NS | 36.00 ± 6.05 NS | 23.50 ± 10.13 NS |
CaMg CW | 91.50 ± 9.43 NS | 72.5 ± 10.99 NS | 49.50 ± 9.30 NS | 22.00 ± 3.70 NS |
CaMg CW (6.5) | 96.50 ± 5.83 NS | 69.50 ± 12.46 NS | 48.00 ± 7.41 NS | 26.50 ± 3.66 NS |
MgCl2 | 95.00 ± 7.01 NS | 78.00 ± 8.28 NS | 35.00 ± 9.50 NS | 14.50 ± 8.26 NS |
MgCl2 CW | 92.50 ± 9.90 NS | 75.50+11.60 NS | 40.00 ± 7.71 NS | 21.50 ± 10.68 NS |
NaCl | 93.50 ± 5.47 NS | 59.00 ± 4.14 NS | 48.00 ± 9.80 NS | 24.50 ± 7.84 NS |
NaCl CW | 95.50 ± 4.99 NS | 75.00 ± 5.13 NS | 34.00 ± 10.25 NS | 25.50 ± 8.26 NS |
NaCl CW (6.5) | 94.00 ± 8.00 NS | 69.50 ± 11.70 NS | 48.50 ± 6.91 NS | 32.00 ± 9.32 NS |
Hydration Treatments | % Normal Seedling for Fresh Seeds | % Normal Seedling for CDd (P75) Seeds | % Normal Seedling for CDd (P50) Seeds | % Normal Seedling for CDd (P25) Seeds |
---|---|---|---|---|
DW | 99.00 ± 1.85 NS | 73.50 ± 9.78 NS | 50.00 ± 10.03 b | 21.00 ± 6.32 b |
CaCl2 | 100.00 ± 0.00 NS | 70.00 ± 8.28 NS | 58.00 ± 11.51 NS | 32.00 ± 11.31 NS |
CaCl2 CW | 100.00 ± 0.00 NS | 74.00 ± 10.03 NS | 67.00 ± 12.42 a | 39.00 ± 11.06 a |
CaMg | 98.50 ± 4.24 NS | 76.50 ± 10.57 NS | 76.50 ± 10.57 a | 40.00 ± 9.56 a |
CaMg CW | 100.00 ± 0.00 NS | 72.50 ± 4.50 NS | 63.00 ± 5.95 NS | 23.00 ± 6.32 NS |
CaMg CW (6.5) | 99.00 ± 1.85 NS | 76.50 ± 5.83 NS | 68.00 ± 10.90 a | 29.00 ± 5.13 NS |
MgCl2 | 99.00 ± 1.85 NS | 83.00 ± 9.50 NS | 68.00 ± 10.90 NS | 28.00 ± 11.11 NS |
MgCl2 CW | 99.50 ± 1.41 NS | 71.00 ± 11.06 NS | 57.00 ± 12.96 NS | 39.00 ± 10.20 a |
NaCl | 98.00 ± 2.20 NS | 76.25 ± 5.06 NS | 50.00 ± 9.07 NS | 24.50 ± 6.57 NS |
NaCl CW | 100.00 ± 0.00 NS | 78.50 ± 6.02 NS | 51.50 ± 11.99 NS | 40.00 ± 14.18 a |
NaCl CW (6.5) | 99.50 ± 1.41 NS | 74.00 ± 6.76 NS | 68.00 ± 10.90 NS | 48.00 ± 15.57 a |
Controlled Deterioration Level | Treatments | Seedling Vigour Index | |
---|---|---|---|
Cabbage | Lettuce | ||
P50 | DW | 1621.40 ± 911.97 b | 1056.90 ± 323.25 b |
CaCl2 | 1564.90 ± 522.56 NS | 2705.20 ± 629.67 a | |
CaCl2 CW | 1352.90 ± 797.91 NS | 2819.10 ± 580.95 a | |
CaMg | 2855.00 ± 688.79 NS | 2823.50 ± 585.35 a | |
CaMg CW | 2284.20 ± 781.18 NS | 1772.80 ± 362.52 NS | |
CaMg CW (6.5) | 3395.10 ± 1073.31 a | 3493.20 ± 1077.06 a | |
MgCl2 | 3042.80 ± 1570.89 NS | 2525.20 ± 607.15 NS | |
MgCl2 CW | 2938.70 ± 776.86 NS | 2755.80 ± 1094.63 a | |
NaCl | 2644.10 ± 1514.80 NS | 2000.80 ± 510.49 NS | |
NaCl CW | 2019.30 ± 1042.40 NS | 2717.40 ± 906.07 a | |
NaCl CW (6.5) | 3520.30 ± 910.90 a | 2981.20 ± 795.30 a | |
P25 | DW | 535.10 ± 222.14 b | 403.30 ± 199.74 b |
CaCl2 | 903.00 ± 597.52 NS | 1090.93 ± 404.74 NS | |
CaCl2 CW | 1198.40 ± 534.58 NS | 1341.80 ± 362.03 a | |
CaMg | 1679.00 ± 796.61 a | 1144.80 ± 405.07 NS | |
CaMg CW | 531.50 ± 294.91 NS | 490.40 ± 296.44 NS | |
CaMg CW (6.5) | 1084.00 ± 321.11 NS | 794.40 ± 395.29 NS | |
MgCl2 | 785.50 ± 627.33 NS | 747.80 ± 511.32 NS | |
MgCl2 CW | 1084.00 ± 648.73 NS | 1205.80 ± 282.89 NS | |
NaCl | 1438.70 ± 426.89 NS | 404.20 ± 147.05 NS | |
NaCl CW | 1633.10 ± 801.91 a | 1493.80 ± 668.57 a | |
NaCl CW (6.5) | 2205.18 ± 1003.93 a | 1562.30 ± 1038.11 a |
S/n | Pre-Hydration Treatment Solution | Concentration of Constituent(s) | pH |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Control | Deionised water | 5.6 |
2 | CaCl2 (non-electrolysed) | 1 mM CaCl2 | 6.0 |
3 | CaCl2 generated CW | 1 mM CaCl2 | 10.8 |
4 | CaMg (non-electrolysed) | 1 µm CaCl2; 1 mM MgCl2 | 5.9 |
5 | CaMg generated CW | 1 µm CaCl2; 1 mM MgCl2 | 11.2 |
6 | CaMg generated CW adjusted to pH 6.5 | 1 µm CaCl2; 1 mM MgCl2 | 6.5 |
7 | MgCl2 solution (non-electrolysed) | 1 mM MgCl2 | 5.9 |
8 | MgCl2 generated CW | 1 mM MgCl2 | 10.6 |
9 | NaCl solution (non-electrolysed) | 1 mM NaCl | 5.6 |
10 | NaCl generated CW | 1 mM NaCl | 11.2 |
11 | NaCl generated CW adjusted to pH 6.5 | 1 mM NaCl | 6.5 |
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Adetunji, A.E.; Sershen; Varghese, B.; Pammenter, N.W. Effects of Inorganic Salt Solutions on Vigour, Viability, Oxidative Metabolism and Germination Enzymes in Aged Cabbage and Lettuce Seeds. Plants 2020, 9, 1164. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091164
Adetunji AE, Sershen, Varghese B, Pammenter NW. Effects of Inorganic Salt Solutions on Vigour, Viability, Oxidative Metabolism and Germination Enzymes in Aged Cabbage and Lettuce Seeds. Plants. 2020; 9(9):1164. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091164
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdetunji, Ademola Emmanuel, Sershen, Boby Varghese, and Norman W. Pammenter. 2020. "Effects of Inorganic Salt Solutions on Vigour, Viability, Oxidative Metabolism and Germination Enzymes in Aged Cabbage and Lettuce Seeds" Plants 9, no. 9: 1164. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091164