Premna Species in Vietnam: Essential Oil Compositions and Mosquito Larvicidal Activities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Plant Collection and Essential Oils
2.2. Essential Oil Compositions
2.2.1. Premna cambodiana
2.2.2. Premna chevalieri
2.2.3. Premna corymbosa (syn. P. integrifolia, P. serratifolia)
2.2.4. Premna flavescens
2.2.5. Premna maclurei
2.2.6. Premna mekongensis
2.2.7. Premna puberula
2.2.8. Premna tomentosa
2.2.9. Species Composition Comparison
2.3. Mosquito Larvicidal Activity
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Plant Material
3.2. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry
3.3. Mosquito Larvicidal Assay
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Premna Species | Native Range | Ethnobotanical Use in Vietnam |
---|---|---|
Premna cambodiana Dop (Vietnamese name Cách cam bốt) | Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam (Kon Tum, Gia Lai, and Đắk Nông provinces) [38,39,40]. | Used to treat spermatorrhea and gynecological diseases [40]. |
Premna chevalieri Dop (syn. Premna acuminatissima Merr.) (Vietnamese name Cách vàng) | Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, China (Hainan, Yunnan) [41]. In Vietnam, the plant has been recorded in Thái Nguyên, Phú Thọ, Bắc Giang, Hà Nội, Hòa Bình, Ninh Bình, Nghệ An, Hà Tĩnh, and Quảng Nam provinces [39,40]. | The plant is used to treat polio, jaundice [40]. |
Premna corymbosa Rottler & Willd. (syn. Premna serratifolia L., Cornutia corymbosa Burm. f., Premna integrifolia L., Gumira corymbosa (Rottler & Willd.) Kuntze) (Vietnamese name Vọng cách, Cách biển) | Ranges from Madagascar, through tropical and subtropical Asia, to Australia and Pacific islands [38]. In Vietnam, P. corymbosa has been found in Quảng Ninh, Hà Nội, Hải Phòng, Hà Nam, Ninh Bình, Thanh Hóa, Thừa Thiên Huế, Đà Nẵng, Quảng Nam, Khánh Hòa, Kon Tum, Đắk Nông, Đồng Nai, Hồ Chí Minh, Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu, Long An, and Kiên Giang provinces [39,40]. | The plant used to treat skin diseases. Additionally, the leaves are used as culinary additives [40]. |
Premna flavescens Buch.-Ham. ex C.B. Clarke (syn. Premna lucidula Miq.) | Southern China (Guangdong, Guangxi, and southern Yunnan), India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam [41]. In Vietnam, P. flavescens has been recorded in Vĩnh Phúc, Nghệ An, Quảng Nam, Kon Tum, Gia Lai, Đắk Nông, and Đồng Nai provinces [39,40]. | A species commonly grown in Vietnam; a decoction of the leaves is taken daily as a tonic [40]. |
Premna maclurei Merr. (Vietnamese name Cách maclura) | China (Hainan) [41] as well as the provinces of Nghệ An and Quảng Nam, Vietnam [39,40]. | |
Premna mekongensis W.W. Sm. (Vietnamese name Cách mê công) | China (northwestern and western Yunnan province) [41] and in Vietnam (Hà Giang and Quảng Nam Provinces) [39,40]. | |
Premna puberula Pamp. (syn. Premna martini H.Lév.) (Vietnamese name Cách lún phún) | China (Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, southern Shanxi, Sichuan, and Yunnan) [41] as well as Vietnam (Hà Giang, Bắc Giang, and Nghệ An) [39,40]. | Used in traditional medicine [40]. |
Premna tomentosa Willd. (syn. Premna cordata Blanco) (Vietnamese name Cách lông tơ) | Ranges from China (Guangdong), through tropical Asia, to North Queensland, Australia [38]. In Vietnam, the plant has been recorded in Nghệ An province and South Vietnam [39,40]. | Leaves, roots as medicine [40]. |
Premna Species | Collection Site | Voucher Numbers | Essential Oil Yield (% v/w) |
---|---|---|---|
Premna cambodiana | Chu Mom Ray National Park 14°25′33.5″ N, 107°43′15.6″ E, 672 m elevation | DND 88 | 0.14 |
Premna chevalieri | Tay Giang District, Quang Nam Province 15°49′59″ N 107°21′10″ E, 962 m elevation | DND 101 | 0.10 |
Premna corymbosa | Nậm Giải Commune, Quế Phong district, Pu Hoat Nature Reserve, Nghe An province 19°41′40″ N, 104°49′29″ E, 670 m elevation | DND 788 | 0.22 |
Son Tra Peninsula, Da Nang province 16°05′57″ N 108°15′59″ E, 6 m elevation | DND 49 | 0.25 | |
Premna flavescens | Nậm Giải Commune, Quế Phong district, Pu Hoat Nature Reserve, Nghe An province 19°41′40″ N, 104°49′29″ E, 670 m elevation | DND 787 | 0.11 |
Đồng Văn Commune, Quế Phong District, Pu Hoat Nature Reserve, Nghe An province 19°50′45″ N, 105°06′09″ E, 511 m elevation | DND 711 | 0.12 | |
Premna maclurei | Nậm Giải Commune, Quế Phong district, Pu Hoat Nature Reserve, Nghe An province 19°41′40″ N, 104°49′29″ E, 670 m elevation | DND 747 | 0.12 |
Premna mekongensis | Ngoc Linh Nature Reserve, Quang Nam Province 15°50′16.0″ N, 107°22′54.7″ E, 1341 m elevation | DND 102 | 0.19 |
Chu Mom Ray National Park 14°25′33.5″ N, 107°43′15.6″ E, 672 elevation | DND 84 | 0.21 | |
Premna puberula | Đồng Văn Commune, Quế Phong District, Pu Hoat Nature Reserve, Nghe An province 19°50ʹ45″ N, 105°06′09″ E, 511 m elevation | DND 710 | 0.11 |
Premna tomentosa | Nghia Dan District, Nghe An province 19°20′23″ N 105°25′18″ E, 49 elevation | DND 23 | 0.12 |
RIcalc a | RIdb b | Compound c | P. cambodiana | P. chevalier | P. corymbosa (Nghe An) | P. corymbosa (Da Nang) | P. flavescens (Nậm Giải) | P. flavescens (Đồng Văn) | P. maclurei | P. mekongensis (Ngoc Linh) | P. mekongensis (Chu Mom Ray) | P. puberula | P. tomentosa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
922 | 923 | Tricyclene | --- | tr d | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | tr | --- | --- |
925 | 927 | α-Thujene | --- | 0.1 | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | tr | --- | 0.1 |
931 | 933 | α-Pinene | 1.9 | 12.2 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 66.9 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 3.0 |
947 | 948 | α-Fenchene | --- | tr | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
949 | 953 | Camphene | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | tr | tr | --- | 0.2 | 1.5 | --- | tr |
952 | 953 | Thuja-2,4(10)-diene | --- | tr | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- |
971 | 971 | Sabinene | --- | tr | 0.8 | tr | --- | tr | tr | 0.9 | 0.1 | --- | 2.0 |
976 | 978 | β-Pinene | 1.7 | 16.8 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.7 |
978 | 978 | 1-Octen-3-ol | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.3 | --- | 0.2 | --- | --- | tr |
978 | 986 | 6-Methylhept-5-en-2-one | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | tr | --- | --- | --- | --- |
983 | 986 | 3-Octanone | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
987 | 991 | Myrcene | --- | 0.2 | --- | 0.4 | --- | 0.3 | tr | 1.6 | 3.1 | --- | 0.1 |
997 | 999 | 3-Octanol | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | tr |
1001 | 1004 | p-Mentha-1(7),8-diene | --- | --- | --- | tr | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1006 | 1007 | α-Phellandrene | --- | --- | --- | 0.2 | --- | --- | --- | 0.3 | 1.6 | --- | tr |
1008 | 1009 | δ-3-Carene | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | tr | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1017 | 1018 | α-Terpinene | --- | tr | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | tr | --- | 0.1 |
1023 | 1025 | p-Cymene | tr | 0.1 | 0.5 | 1.9 | 0.1 | tr | tr | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.4 |
1027 | 1030 | Limonene | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
1029 | 1031 | β-Phellandrene | --- | tr | --- | 0.6 | tr | --- | --- | 0.4 | 1.3 | --- | tr |
1031 | 1032 | 1,8-Cineole | --- | tr | 0.1 | --- | 0.1 | tr | --- | 0.9 | tr | --- | tr |
1034 | 1034 | (Z)-β-Ocimene | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | tr | --- | tr |
1045 | 1045 | (E)-β-Ocimene | --- | 1.3 | --- | --- | --- | tr | --- | 0.1 | 0.2 | --- | 0.1 |
1057 | 1057 | γ-Terpinene | --- | tr | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | tr | --- | 0.2 |
1085 | 1086 | Terpinolene | --- | tr | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | tr | 0.1 | --- | 0.1 |
1098 | 1101 | Linalool | tr | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 |
1102 | 1104 | 2-Methylbutyl 2-methylbutanoate | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | tr | --- | --- |
1103 | 1104 | Nonanal | tr | 0.1 | --- | tr | tr | --- | tr | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- |
1107 | 1108 | p-Mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.4 | --- |
1111 | 1113 | (3E)-4,8-Dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene | --- | 1.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | tr | --- | --- | --- | tr |
1125 | 1126 | α-Campholenal | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- |
1136 | 1138 | Benzeneacetonitrile | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | tr | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- |
1139 | 1141 | trans-Pinocarveol | tr | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.2 | --- |
1143 | 1145 | trans-Verbenol | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | 0.3 | --- |
1146 | 1153 | p-Vinylanisole | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | 0.2 |
1161 | 1164 | Pinocarvone | --- | tr | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1170 | 1173 | Borneol | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | tr | --- | --- |
1179 | 1180 | Terpinen-4-ol | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | tr | --- | tr | --- | 0.3 |
1182 | 1187 | (3Z)-Hexenyl butyrate | --- | --- | --- | tr | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1182 | 1188 | Naphthalene | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1184 | 1187 | Cryptone | --- | --- | --- | tr | --- | --- | --- | --- | tr | --- | --- |
1185 | 1188 | p-Cymen-8-ol | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- |
1189 | 1193 | Butyl hexanoate | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.6 | --- | --- |
1189 | 1192 | Methyl salicylate | --- | 0.1 | --- | tr | --- | --- | tr | --- | --- | --- | tr |
1192 | 1196 | Myrtenal | tr | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | tr | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- |
1193 | 1195 | α-Terpineol | --- | 0.1 | --- | tr | --- | --- | tr | 0.1 | tr | --- | tr |
1200 | 1202 | cis-Sabinol | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | tr | --- | --- |
1204 | 1208 | Decanal | tr | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1205 | 1208 | Verbenone | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- |
1206 | 1207 | (3E)-Octenyl acetate | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1227 | 1229 | Thymol methyl ether | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- |
1247 | 1257 | p-Anisaldehyde | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | tr | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1248 | 1250 | Linalyl acetate | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | tr | --- | --- |
1251 | 1252 | Isopentyl hexanoate | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.3 | --- | --- |
1282 | 1282 | Bornyl acetate | --- | tr | --- | --- | tr | --- | --- | --- | 3.9 | --- | --- |
1286 | 1287 | Dihydroedulan IA | --- | tr | --- | --- | 0.8 | --- | tr | --- | 0.2 | --- | tr |
1291 | 1294 | Dihydroedulan IIA | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | tr | 0.4 | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 |
1297 | 1299 | Theaspirane A | --- | tr | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1300 | 1300 | Tridecane | --- | --- | --- | --- | tr | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1307 | 1306 | Isoascaridole | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | tr |
1312 | - | Unidentified e | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 1.2 | --- | --- | 3.4 | --- | --- |
1313 | 1315 | Theaspirane B | --- | tr | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1317 | 1318 | 3-Hydroxycineole | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | tr | --- | --- |
1329 | 1328 | Bicycloelemene | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.1 | --- | --- | 1.1 | --- | 0.2 |
1332 | 1335 | δ-Elemene | 0.2 | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | tr | 0.2 | --- | 0.6 | --- | 0.2 |
1345 | 1349 | α-Cubebene | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.3 | --- | 0.2 | 0.5 | --- | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.2 |
1345 | 1349 | α-Terpinyl acetate | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | tr | --- | 1.5 | --- | --- |
1356 | 1361 | Neryl acetate | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | tr | --- | --- |
1362 | 1367 | Decanoic acid | --- | tr | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1365 | 1372 | Isoledene | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | tr | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1367 | 1371 | α-Ylangene | 0.3 | --- | 0.6 | 0.1 | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | 0.3 | --- | 0.1 |
1368 | 1367 | Cyclosativene | tr | --- | --- | --- | tr | 0.1 | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- |
1374 | 1378 | Geranyl acetate | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1374 | 1375 | α-Copaene | 23.3 | 0.9 | 6.8 | 8.1 | 0.1 | 2.9 | 2.6 | --- | 1.6 | 5.3 | 3.1 |
1376 | 1379 | (E)-β-Damascenone | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | tr |
1378 | 1382 | (3Z)-Hexenyl hexanoate | --- | tr | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1379 | 1383 | cis-β-Elemene | 0.2 | tr | --- | tr | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.1 | --- | 0.1 | --- | 0.3 |
1381 | 1382 | β-Bourbonene | tr | tr | --- | tr | --- | 0.1 | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | tr |
1384 | 1390 | Hexyl hexanoate | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.1 | --- | --- |
1386 | 1392 | β-Cubebene | 1.1 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 0.9 | --- | 0.6 | 1.6 | --- | 0.3 | 1.5 | 0.7 |
1387 | 1390 | trans-β-Elemene | 3.5 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 9.9 | 8.7 | 1.8 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 5.0 |
1402 | 1405 | (Z)-Caryophyllene | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | 0.2 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1402 | 1403 | 9,10-Dehydroisolongifolene | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.8 | --- |
1402 | 1406 | Cyperene | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 1.1 | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- |
1405 | 1406 | α-Gurjunene | 11.3 | --- | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 19.6 | --- | --- | 0.3 | 1.3 | 5.2 |
1412 | 1415 | β-Maaliene | 0.2 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.4 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.8 |
1419 | 1417 | (E)-Caryophyllene | 12.8 | 31.5 | 6.9 | 13.3 | 41.0 | 11.8 | 30.7 | 14.7 | 3.9 | 0.6 | 22.0 |
1427 | 1427 | γ-Elemene | 0.7 | tr | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.4 |
1427 | 1430 | γ-Maaliene | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | 0.3 |
1428 | 1433 | β-Copaene | --- | tr | 0.2 | 0.2 | --- | 0.1 | 0.4 | --- | 1.2 | --- | --- |
1429 | 1430 | trans-α-Bergamotene | --- | tr | --- | 0.1 | 0.7 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1430 | 1437 | β-Gurjunene (= Calarene) | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1432 | 1436 | α-Guaiene | 0.1 | 0.1 | --- | 4.6 | 0.5 | 6.1 | 0.4 | 0.5 | --- | 0.4 | 0.3 |
1433 | 1438 | α-Maaliene | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- |
1437 | 1438 | Aromadendrene | 0.1 | tr | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 | --- | 1.0 | --- | 3.4 |
1443 | 1444 | Guaia-6,9-diene | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | 1.1 | tr | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 |
1444 | 1445 | Selina-5,11-diene | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- |
1445 | 1446 | Neryl acetone | --- | tr | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1448 | 1453 | trans-Muurola-3,5-diene | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- |
1448 | 1445 | β-Barbatene | --- | tr | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1450 | 1447 | iso-Germacrene D | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | tr |
1450 | 1455 | Valerena-4,7(11)-diene | 0.1 | --- | --- | 0.4 | --- | 0.3 | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | 0.1 |
1451 | 1452 | (E)-β-Farnesene | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1454 | 1454 | α-Humulene | 3.7 | 7.5 | 2.6 | 3.7 | 2.4 | 3.1 | 5.3 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 0.4 | 3.9 |
1458 | 1457 | allo-Aromadendrene | 1.6 | 0.1 | 7.7 | 39.7 | 0.1 | 3.0 | 0.2 | --- | 1.0 | 4.1 | 1.0 |
1458 | 1463 | cis-Cadina-1(6),4-diene | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1461 | 1459 | Rotundene | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1462 | 1466 | cis-Muurola-4(14),5-diene | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.2 | --- | 0.1 |
1469 | 1473 | 4,5-di-epi-Aristolochene | --- | 0.1 | 1.0 | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1471 | 1472 | trans-Cadina-1(6),4-diene | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.4 | --- | --- |
1472 | 1478 | γ-Muurolene | 0.6 | --- | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.1 | --- | 1.2 | --- | 1.7 | --- | 0.4 |
1473 | 1476 | γ-Gurjunene | 0.8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.4 | --- | --- | 0.3 | --- | 0.3 |
1474 | 1475 | Selina-4,11-diene | --- | 2.0 | --- | --- | 0.2 | 0.1 | --- | 0.5 | --- | --- | --- |
1475 | 1477 | β-Chamigrene | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 1.3 | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1476 | 1481 | (E)-β-Ionone | --- | tr | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1476 | 1479 | α-Amorphene | 0.3 | --- | --- | 0.2 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.6 | --- | --- |
1479 | 1480 | Germacrene D | 2.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 3.0 | 0.7 | 3.8 | 3.0 | 0.1 | 5.6 | --- | 11.4 |
1479 | 1482 | γ-Himachalene | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1480 | 1483 | trans-β-Bergamotene | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.2 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1484 | 1491 | Eremophilene | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1486 | 1488 | δ-Selinene | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.2 | --- | --- |
1487 | 1487 | β-Selinene | 1.4 | 1.2 | 4.0 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 9.7 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 4.3 |
1491 | 1492 | trans-Muurola-4(14),5-diene | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 1.7 | --- | --- |
1491 | 1492 | Valencene | --- | --- | 0.2 | --- | --- | --- | 0.2 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1491 | 1491 | Viridiflorene (= Ledene) | 0.1 | --- | --- | 0.3 | 0.1 | 1.8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1491 | 1490 | γ-Amorphene | 0.2 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.3 |
1493 | 1493 | Curzerene | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 1.2 | --- | --- |
1493 | 1498 | epi-Cubebol | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.9 | --- |
1495 | 1497 | α-Muurolene | 0.5 | --- | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | --- | 0.4 | --- | --- | --- | 0.2 |
1495 | 1497 | α-Selinene | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.7 | --- | --- | 8.7 | --- | 0.4 | --- | --- | 5.5 |
1496 | 1497 | Bicyclogermacrene | --- | --- | --- | 1.1 | 7.8 | --- | 1.9 | --- | 11.9 | --- | --- |
1497 | 1502 | ε-Amorphene | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1499 | 1505 | α-Bulnesene | --- | 0.1 | --- | 4.1 | 0.2 | 5.4 | 0.3 | 0.1 | --- | 0.6 | 0.1 |
1502 | 1503 | (E,E)-α-Farnesene | --- | 3.4 | --- | --- | 0.3 | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | 1.0 |
1503 | 1508 | β-Bisabolene | --- | --- | --- | 0.4 | 0.5 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1508 | 1511 | Germacrene A | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.2 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 |
1511 | 1512 | γ-Cadinene | 0.4 | tr | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | --- | 1.1 | --- | 0.2 |
1513 | 1515 | Cubebol | 0.1 | --- | 0.6 | --- | --- | --- | 0.2 | --- | 0.3 | 0.6 | tr |
1516 | 1518 | δ-Cadinene | 5.5 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 2.0 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 8.4 | --- | 3.2 | --- | 1.8 |
1518 | 1518 | 7-epi-α-Selinene | --- | --- | 0.2 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1518 | 1521 | α-Panasinsen | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.5 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1519 | 1519 | trans-Calamenene | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.3 | --- | --- | 0.3 | --- | 1.0 | --- | 0.1 |
1522 | 1521 | Zonarene | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.2 | --- | --- |
1532 | 1538 | α-Cadinene | 0.2 | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | 0.3 | --- | --- |
1534 | 1536 | trans-Cadina-1,4-diene | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.2 | --- | 0.1 |
1535 | 1529 | cis-Calamenene | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.2 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1536 | 1540 | (E)-α-Bisabolene | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.3 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1538 | 1540 | Selina-4(15),7(11)-diene | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 |
1539 | 1546 | cis-Sesquisabinene hydrate | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 |
1539 | 1544 | α-Calacorene | 0.9 | --- | 0.6 | 0.1 | --- | --- | 0.6 | --- | 0.2 | 3.4 | --- |
1546 | 1546 | α-Elemol | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.2 | --- | --- |
1547 | 1551 | (Z)-Caryophyllene oxide | 0.4 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | 0.6 | --- | --- | 1.5 | --- |
1550 | 1549 | cis-Muurol-5-en-4β-ol | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- |
1557 | 1557 | Germacrene B | 0.6 | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | tr | --- | --- | 0.5 | --- | 3.5 |
1559 | 1560 | (E)-Nerolidol | --- | 0.2 | --- | --- | 0.3 | --- | --- | 0.1 | 7.5 | --- | --- |
1560 | 1560 | β-Calacorene | 0.4 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.7 | --- | --- | 0.8 | --- |
1563 | 1558 | 1-Tetradecanol | --- | 0.3 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1565 | 1566 | 1,5-Epoxysalvial-4(14)-ene | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 1.1 | --- |
1568 | 1568 | Palustrol | 0.3 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.6 | 6.8 | --- | 1.7 | 1.9 | --- |
1569 | 1571 | Cedroxyde | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.9 | --- |
1572 | 1568 | Dendrolasin | --- | 2.0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1575 | 1578 | Furopelargone B | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.2 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1575 | 1576 | Spathulenol | 0.8 | 0.6 | 17.3 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 1.0 | --- | --- | 2.8 | 7.7 | 0.8 |
1580 | 1587 | (E)-Caryophyllene oxide | 4.3 | 5.3 | 16.8 | 3.0 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 12.3 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 21.2 | 1.1 |
1584 | 1590 | Globulol | 0.5 | 0.1 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | --- | 1.2 | 2.0 | 0.7 |
1590 | 1596 | Cubeban-11-ol | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1593 | 1594 | Viridiflorol | --- | --- | 1.8 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | --- | --- | 5.6 | 0.7 | --- |
1595 | 1593 | Guaiol | --- | 1.2 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1598 | 1600 | Curzerenone | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.3 | --- | --- |
1602 | 1605 | Ledol | 0.2 | --- | 0.3 | 0.3 | --- | 0.3 | --- | --- | 1.2 | 0.6 | 6.1 |
1607 | 1613 | Humulene epoxide II | 0.8 | 1.0 | 3.4 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.1 | --- | 4.7 | 0.1 |
1612 | 1615 | Rosifoliol | --- | 1.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- |
1614 | 1616 | 1,10-di-epi-Cubenol | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.2 | --- | --- |
1622 | 1632 | Muurola-4,10(14)-dien-1β-ol | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.2 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1624 | 1627 | 1-epi-Cubenol | 0.4 | --- | 0.4 | 0.2 | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | 1.0 | --- | --- |
1629 | 1629 | iso-Spathulenol | --- | --- | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.4 | --- | 0.5 | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 |
1633 | 1635 | Caryophylla-4(12),8(13)-dien-5β-ol | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | 0.2 | --- | 0.6 | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- |
1633 | 1634 | cis-Cadin-4-en-7-ol | 0.2 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.9 | --- | --- |
1637 | 1641 | allo-Aromadendrene epoxide | 0.6 | --- | --- | 0.3 | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | 0.2 |
1641 | 1643 | τ-Cadinol | --- | --- | 0.4 | 0.2 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1642 | 1643 | Cubenol | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 1.5 | --- | --- |
1642 | 1643 | Hedycariol | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1643 | 1643 | α-Muurolol (= δ-Cadinol) | 0.3 | --- | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | 0.4 | --- | 0.1 |
1643 | 1645 | τ-Murrolol | 0.2 | --- | 0.4 | 0.2 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 |
1647 | 1649 | β-Eudesmol | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1653 | 1652 | α-Cadinol | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1.9 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | --- | 1.6 | 0.6 | 0.3 |
1654 | 1663 | cis-Calamenen-10-ol | 0.4 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.9 | --- | --- | 0.8 | --- |
1654 | 1653 | Pogostol | --- | 0.3 | 0.3 | --- | --- | --- | 0.8 | 1.4 | --- | 1.2 | 0.4 |
1657 | 1658 | Selin-11-en-4α-ol | 0.3 | --- | 0.9 | --- | 0.4 | 0.2 | --- | --- | 0.3 | --- | --- |
1659 | 1664 | ar-Turmerone | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- |
1662 | 1670 | trans-Calamenen-10-ol | 0.6 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.7 | --- | --- | 1.0 | --- |
1663 | 1664 | Bulnesol | --- | 0.4 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1664 | 1662 | 9-Methoxycalamenene | --- | --- | 0.7 | tr | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1668 | 1677 | Cadalene | 0.3 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1669 | 1668 | 14-Hydroxy-9-epi-(E)-caryophyllene | --- | --- | 0.5 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1671 | 1681 | Mustakone | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.6 | --- | --- | 2.6 | --- |
1674 | 1677 | Apiole | --- | --- | 1.6 | --- | 0.6 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1682 | 1683 | Germacra-4(15),5,10(14)-trien-1α-ol | --- | --- | 1.0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1685 | 1688 | α-Bisabolol | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1692 | 1701 | 10-nor-Calamenen-10-one | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.4 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1699 | 1704 | cis-Thujopsenol | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 1.8 | --- |
1700 | 1708 | δ-Dodecalactone | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1727 | 1729 | Zerumbone | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.4 | --- | --- | --- | 1.1 | --- |
1744 | 1746 | α-Cyperone | --- | --- | 0.6 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1746 | 1748 | Geranyl hexanoate | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.2 | --- | --- |
1748 | 1763 | β-Costol | --- | --- | --- | 0.4 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1749 | 1757 | Cyclocolorenone | 1.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | 2.0 | --- |
1758 | 1768 | Squamulosone | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.6 | --- |
1759 | - | Unidentified f | --- | --- | --- | --- | 14.7 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1761 | - | Unidentified g | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1806 | 1813 | Nootkatone | --- | --- | 0.5 | 0.3 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 1.4 | --- |
1830 | 1836 | Neophytadiene | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1837 | 1841 | Phytone | 0.2 | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | 0.3 | --- | --- | 1.9 | --- |
1859 | 1860 | Platambin | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.8 | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 |
1873 | 1879 | 4-Phytadiene | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1886 | 1884 | Corymbolone | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 1.1 | --- |
1939 | 1947 | iso-Phytol | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1958 | 1958 | (Z,Z)-Geranyl linalool | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
1983 | 1995 | Manool oxide | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.4 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
2019 | 2022 | (E,E)-Geranyl linalool | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
2102 | 2102 | (E)-Phytol | 4.3 | 2.2 | --- | 0.3 | 4.9 | --- | 2.4 | 2.2 | --- | --- | 0.7 |
2131 | 2138 | Palmitaldehyde, diallyl acetal | 0.6 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.4 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
Monoterpene hydrocarbons | 3.8 | 31.8 | 2.7 | 5.3 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 72.5 | 12.5 | 1.8 | 7.0 | ||
Oxygenated monoterpenoids | 0.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 2.5 | 6.0 | 1.4 | 0.5 | ||
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons | 76.1 | 49.9 | 40.2 | 85.4 | 69.9 | 92.2 | 62.5 | 19.6 | 46.9 | 22.4 | 81.0 | ||
Oxygenated sesquiterpenoids | 12.3 | 12.6 | 50.6 | 8.2 | 6.0 | 4.8 | 30.1 | 2.5 | 27.4 | 58.2 | 10.2 | ||
Diterpenoids | 4.5 | 2.4 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 5.2 | 0.0 | 3.1 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 0.7 | ||
Others | 0.6 | 2.0 | 1.6 | tr | 1.4 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 3.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | ||
Total Identified | 97.4 | 99.8 | 96.1 | 99.6 | 83.3 | 98.6 | 97.7 | 99.6 | 96.0 | 85.7 | 99.8 |
Premna Species (Collection Site) | LC50 (95% Limits), μg/mL | LC90 (95% Limits), μg/mL | χ2 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aedes aegypti | ||||
P. cambodiana (Chu Mom Ray) | 16.79 (14.66–18.68) | 28.02 (25.18–32.82) | 0.00624 | 0.997 |
P. chevalieri (Quang Nam) | 31.72 (29.20–34.48) | 46.88 (43.14–52.00) | 2.54 | 0.281 |
P. corymbosa (Nghe An) | 37.96 (33.16–43.18) | 75.43 (66.72–88.43) | 4.53 | 0.104 |
P. corymbosa (Da Nang) | 61.78 (57.16–67.71) | 83.01 (75.71–93.93) | 5.75 | 0.056 |
P. flavescens (Đồng Văn) | 64.67 (58.99–71.10) | 106.1 (95.9–120.2) | 13.23 | 0.001 |
P. maclurei (Nghe An) | 43.66 (40.67–47.07) | 60.72 (56.03–67.58) | 1.211 | 0.546 |
P. mekongensis (Ngoc Linh) | 17.98 (14.79–20.71) | 35.81 (31.76–42.26) | 4.14 | 0.126 |
P. mekongensis (Chu Mom Ray) | 41.63 (38.79–44.49) | 55.94 (52.45–60.49) | 35.0 | 0.000 |
P. puberula (Nghe An) | 50.88 (46.25–56.36) | 80.60 (72.74–91.86) | 12.7 | 0.002 |
P. tomentosa (Nghe An) | 34.21 (31.02–37.67) | 54.36 (49.42–61.35) | 0.225 | 0.893 |
Permethrin (control) | 0.0094 (0.0082–0.0107) | 0.0211 (0.0185–0.0249) | 57.6 | 0.000 |
Aedes albopictus | ||||
P. corymbosa (Da Nang) | 45.89 (42.61–49.88) | 64.70 (59.15–73.12) | 1.55 | 0.460 |
P. flavescens (Đồng Văn) | 90.02 (80.92–99.87) | 165.4 (148.9–189.2) | 4.51 | 0.105 |
P. puberula (Nghe An) | 115.9 (108.2–124.1) | 176.7 (165.0–191.8) | 12.2 | 0.007 |
Permethrin (control) | 0.0024 (0.0021–0.0026) | 0.0042 (0.0038–0.0049) | 4.64 | 0.031 |
Culex quinquefasciatus | ||||
P. chevalieri (Quang Nam) | 75.68 (68.51–84.52) | 129.8 (115.9–150.0) | 6.94 | 0.031 |
P. mekongensis (Ngoc Linh) | 42.66 (38.71–47.43) | 69.35 (62.21–79.95) | 1.68 | 0.431 |
P. mekongensis (Chu Mom Ray) | 33.16 (30.30–36.25) | 52.01 (47.55–58.29) | 11.8 | 0.003 |
P. puberula (Nghe An) | 60.59 (55.77–66.33) | 87.68 (80.11–98.09) | 12.4 | 0.002 |
Permethrin (control) | 0.0188 (0.0173–0.0206) | 0.0294 (0.0270–0.0326) | 24.1 | 0.000 |
Premna Species (Collection Site) | LC50 (95% Limits), μg/mL | LC90 (95% Limits), μg/mL | χ2 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aedes aegypti | ||||
P. cambodiana (Chu Mom Ray) | 13.68 (10.72–15.77) | 25.62 (22.82–30.59) | 0.00399 | 0.998 |
P. chevalieri (Quang Nam) | 30.23 (27.75–32.92) | 45.11 (41.41–50.23) | 4.59 | 0.101 |
P. corymbosa (Nghe An) | 33.59 (28.68–38.65) | 71.64 (62.98–84.86) | 2.98 | 0.225 |
P. corymbosa (Da Nang) | 60.43 (55.81–66.17) | 83.54 (76.24–94.13) | 8.07 | 0.018 |
P. flavescens (Đồng Văn) | 62.42 (56.58–69.12) | 105.9 (96.5–119.0) | 2.33 | 0.312 |
P. maclurei (Nghe An) | 41.63 (38.85–44.63) | 57.07 (53.07–62.68) | 0.922 | 0.631 |
P. mekongensis (Ngoc Linh) | 17.62 (15.37–19.67) | 30.00 (26.76–35.65) | 0.0364 | 0.982 |
P. mekongensis (Chu Mom Ray) | 38.70 (36.18–41.21) | 49.94 (47.01–53.73) | 0.130 | 0.937 |
P. puberula (Nghe An) | 45.71 (41.21–50.97) | 76.15 (68.30–87.56) | 3.40 | 0.182 |
P. tomentosa (Nghe An) | 31.4 (28.32–34.69) | 50.80 (46.13–57.36) | 0.0878 | 0.957 |
Permethrin (control) | 0.0087 (0.0074–0.0102) | 0.0204 (0.0181–0.0236) | 39.6 | 0.000 |
Aedes albopictus | ||||
P. corymbosa (Da Nang) | 35.13 (31.93–38.74) | 56.97 (51.54–64.86) | 0.148 | 0.929 |
P. flavescens (Đồng Văn) | 74.14 (66.55–81.95) | 133.2 (121.1–149.9) | 9.87 | 0.007 |
P. puberula (Nghe An) | 98.1 (91.0–105.7) | 151.1 (140.3–165.0) | 37.2 | 0.000 |
Culex quinquefasciatus | ||||
P. chevalieri (Quang Nam) | 52.10 (44.16–60.92) | 121.1 (104.4–147.9) | 6.65 | 0.036 |
P. mekongensis (Ngoc Linh) | 38.72 (34.62–43.45) | 68.87 (61.30–80.21) | 0.584 | 0.747 |
P. mekongensis (Chu Mom Ray) | 27.02 (23.51–30.51) | 51.55 (45.96–60.01) | 3.55 | 0.169 |
P. puberula (Nghe An) | 41.31 (37.07–46.27) | 72.04 (64.28–83.52) | 2.20 | 0.333 |
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Hung, N.H.; Huong, L.T.; Chung, N.T.; Truong, N.C.; Dai, D.N.; Satyal, P.; Tai, T.A.; Hien, V.T.; Setzer, W.N. Premna Species in Vietnam: Essential Oil Compositions and Mosquito Larvicidal Activities. Plants 2020, 9, 1130. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091130
Hung NH, Huong LT, Chung NT, Truong NC, Dai DN, Satyal P, Tai TA, Hien VT, Setzer WN. Premna Species in Vietnam: Essential Oil Compositions and Mosquito Larvicidal Activities. Plants. 2020; 9(9):1130. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091130
Chicago/Turabian StyleHung, Nguyen Huy, Le Thi Huong, Nguyen Thanh Chung, Nguyen Cong Truong, Do Ngoc Dai, Prabodh Satyal, Thieu Anh Tai, Vu Thi Hien, and William N Setzer. 2020. "Premna Species in Vietnam: Essential Oil Compositions and Mosquito Larvicidal Activities" Plants 9, no. 9: 1130. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091130