Anti-Melanoma Activities and Phytochemical Compositions of Sorbus commixta Fruit Extracts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Effects of S. commixta Fruit Extracts and Solvent Fractions on Human Melanoma SK-MEL-2 Cell
2.2. BF Blocks the MEK/ERK Signaling Pathway
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Plant Materials and Sample Preparation
3.2. Cell Viability Assay
3.3. Western Blot
3.4. Caspase-3 Activity and Intracellular ROS Measurement
3.5. Determination of TPC and TFC
3.6. HPLC Analysis
3.7. Statistical Analyses
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Polyphenolic Compounds | Water Extract | 25% EtOH Extract | 50% EtOH Extract | 75% EtOH Extract | EtOH Extract |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total phenol content 1 | 50.27 ± 4.2 a | 55.71 ± 3.44 a | 60.02 ± 9.35 a | 64.36 ± 6.35 a | 67.98 ± 4.28 a |
Total flavonoid content 2 | 2.49 ± 0.25 a | 3.53 ± 0.23 a | 4.91 ± 0.25 b | 6.09 ± 0.21 c | 8.65 ± 0.5 d |
Chlorogenic acid 3 | 111.81 ± 2.54 a | 127.14 ± 1.56 b | 150.70 ± 3.40 c | 176.72 ± 4.58 d | 344.70 ± 7.18 e |
Ferulic acid 3 | 0.14 ± 0.02 b | 0.09 ± 0.01 a | 0.06 ± 0.002 a | 0.08 ± 0.01 a | 0.13 ± 0.01 b |
Hydroxybenzoic acid 3 | 0.13 ± 0.01 a | 0.13 ± 0.02 a | 0.10 ± 0.01 a | 0.10 ± 0.01 a | 0.20 ± 0.01 b |
Protocatechuic acid 3 | 0.79 ± 0.01 a | 0.78 ± 0.09 a | 0.92 ± 0.05 ab | 1.05 ± 0.03 bc | 1.22 ± 0.06 c |
Rutin 3 | ND | ND | 0.28 ± 0.06 a | 0.48 ± 0.08 b | 0.60 ± 0.04 b |
Polyphenolic Compounds | Hexane Fraction | Ethyl Acetate Fraction | Butanol Fraction | Aqueous Fraction |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total phenol content 1 | 19.89 ± 2.65 a | 72.59 ± 5.34 c | 87.15 ± 4.66 d | 44.07 ± 2.77 b |
Total flavonoid content 2 | 6.25 ± 1.25 a | 13.54 ± 0.43 b | 22.25 ± 0.77 c | 5.96 ± 1.11 a |
Chlorogenic acid 3 | 2.20 ± 0.03 a | 93.12 ± 14.54 b | 912.72 ± 68.04 c | 74.20 ± 2.88 ab |
Ferulic acid 3 | 0.02 ± 0.004 a | 1.24 ± 0.05 b | 0.11 ± 0.01 a | 0.02 ± 0.001 a |
Gallic acid 3 | ND | 0.17 ± 0.02 b | 0.04 ± 0.02 a | ND |
Hydroxybenzoic acid 3 | 0.36 ± 0.02 b | 1.66 ± 0.11 c | 0.13 ± 0.01 a | 0.04 ± 0.003 a |
Protocatechuic acid 3 | 0.05 ± 0.003 a | 2.20 ± 0.22 b | 2.86 ± 0.01 c | 0.26 ± 0.05 a |
Rutin 3 | ND | 0.12 ± 0.03 a | 2.59 ± 0.17 b | 0.12 ± 0.02 a |
Sinapinic acid 3 | ND | 0.13 ± 0.01 b | 0.07 ± 0.01 a | ND |
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Jin, S.; Kim, K.C.; Kim, J.-S.; Jang, K.-I.; Hyun, T.K. Anti-Melanoma Activities and Phytochemical Compositions of Sorbus commixta Fruit Extracts. Plants 2020, 9, 1076. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091076
Jin S, Kim KC, Kim J-S, Jang K-I, Hyun TK. Anti-Melanoma Activities and Phytochemical Compositions of Sorbus commixta Fruit Extracts. Plants. 2020; 9(9):1076. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091076
Chicago/Turabian StyleJin, Sora, Kyeoung Cheol Kim, Ju-Sung Kim, Keum-Il Jang, and Tae Kyung Hyun. 2020. "Anti-Melanoma Activities and Phytochemical Compositions of Sorbus commixta Fruit Extracts" Plants 9, no. 9: 1076. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091076