Medicinal Plants for Treating Musculoskeletal Disorders among Karen in Thailand
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Medicinal Plant Diversity
2.2. Plant Part Used, Preparation and Routes of Administration
2.3. Ethnobotanical Indices: UV, RFC, and ICF
2.3.1. Use Values (UV) of the Ethnomedicinal Plants for Treating MSDs
2.3.2. The Relative Frequency of Citations (RFC) of the Ethnomedicinal Plants
2.3.3. The Information Consensus Factors (ICF) of MSD Categories
3. Discussion
3.1. Diversity of Medicinal Plant Used to Treat MSD
3.2. Plant Utilization: Parts, Preparation, and Routes of Administration
3.3. Important Disorder Categories
3.4. Important Plants for Treating MSD
3.4.1. Most Preferred Species for Treating MSD
3.4.2. Important Species in Important Disorders
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Data Source
4.2. Data Organization
4.3. Data Analysis
4.3.1. Use Value (UV) Modified from:
4.3.2. Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC)
4.3.3. Informant Consensus Factor (ICF)
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Scientific Name | Family | Habit | UV | RFC | Part Used | Preparation | Administration | MSD Categories |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acanthus montanus (Nees) T. Anderson | ACANTHACEAE | Tree | 0.037 | 0.037 | Leaves | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K. Jansen | ASTERACEAE | Herb | 0.037 | 0.037 | Roots | Alcoholic infusion | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R.M. King and H. Rob. | ASTERACEAE | Herb | 0.037 | 0.037 | Leaves | Burning | Poultices | Muscle pain |
Ageratum conyzoides L. | ASTERACEAE | Herb | 0.074 | 0.037 | Whole plants | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Back symptom/complaint, Flank/axilla symptom/complaint |
Aglaia lawii (Wight) C.J. Saldanha | MELIACEAE | Tree | 0.037 | 0.037 | Leaves | Decoction | Bath, oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. | ZINGIBERACEAE | Herb | 0.074 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Back symptom/complaint, Flank/axilla symptom/complaint |
Alpinia roxburghii Sweet | ZINGIBERACEAE | Herb | 0.074 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Bath, oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G. Don | APOCYNACEAE | Tree | 0.037 | 0.037 | Bark | Water infusion | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Alstonia rostrata C.E.C. Fisch. | APOCYNACEAE | Tree | 0.074 | 0.037 | Bark | Decoction, water infusion | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis | BASELLACEAE | Herb | 0.074 | 0.037 | Bulbil | Cook | Eaten as food | Back symptom/complaint, Flank/axilla symptom/complaint |
Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng. | EUPHORBIACEAE | Tree | 0.074 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Back symptom/complaint, Flank/axilla symptom/complaint |
Asparagus filicinus Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don | ASPARAGACEAE | Climber | 0.074 | 0.074 | Roots, whole plants | Decoction | Bath, oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. | EUPHORBIACEAE | Tree | 0.074 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Back symptom/complaint, Flank/axilla symptom/complaint |
Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don | BETULACEAE | Tree | 0.185 | 0.148 | Bark, leaves | Alcoholic infusion, decoction, none | Eaten as food, oral ingestion | Flank/axilla symptom/complaint, muscle pain |
Biancaea sappan (L.) Tod. | LEGUMINOSAE | Tree | 0.370 | 0.148 | Stems | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Back symptom/complaint, Flank/axilla symptom/complaint |
Bistorta paleacea (Wall. ex Hook.f.) Yonek. and H. Ohashi | POLYGONACEAE | Herb | 0.111 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Back symptom/complaint, Bursitis/tendinitis/synovitis NOS, Flank/axilla symptom/complaint |
Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. | ASTERACEAE | Shrub | 0.407 | 0.074 | Leaves, roots, whole plants | Burning, decoction, grind | Oral ingestion, poultices, steaming | Back symptom/complaint, Flank/axilla symptom/complaint, muscle pain, Sprain/strain of joint NOS |
Boehmeria glomerulifera Miq. | URTICACEAE | Herb | 0.037 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Brachypterum scandens (Roxb.) Miq. | LEGUMINOSAE | Climber | 0.037 | 0.037 | Stems | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Buddleja asiatica Lour. | SCROPHULARIACEAE | Shrub | 0.074 | 0.037 | Leaves | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Flank/axilla symptom/complaint, Leg/thigh symptom/complaint |
Canscora andrographioides Griff. ex C.B. Clarke | GENTIANACEAE | Herb | 0.037 | 0.037 | Whole plants | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Cassytha filiformis L. | LAURACEAE | Herb | 0.111 | 0.074 | Stems, whole plants | Alcoholic infusion, decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Celastrus paniculatus Willd. | CELASTRACEAE | Climber | 0.037 | 0.037 | Aerial parts | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. | APIACEAE | Herb | 0.185 | 0.074 | Leaves, whole plants | Decoction, none | Eaten as food, oral ingestion | Back symptom/complaint, Flank/axilla symptom/complaint, muscle pain |
Chloranthus erectus (Buch.-Ham.) Verdc. | CHLORANTHACEAE | Shrub | 0.037 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Flank/axilla symptom/complaint |
Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King and H. Rob. | ASTERACEAE | Herb | 0.074 | 0.074 | Roots, stems | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Cissus discolor Blume | VITACEAE | Climber | 0.037 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Citrus medica L. | RUTACEAE | Tree | 0.037 | 0.037 | Leaves | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Clausena excavata Burm.f. | RUTACEAE | Shrub | 0.222 | 0.037 | Inflorescences, leaves, whole plants | Burning, cook, none | Eaten as food, poultices, steaming | Back symptom/complaint, Flank/axilla symptom/complaint, muscle pain |
Clematis smilacifolia Wall. | RANUNCULACEAE | Climber | 0.037 | 0.037 | Stems | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Clerodendrum disparifolium Blume | LAMIACEAE | Shrub | 0.037 | 0.037 | Leaves | Grind | Poultices | Muscle symptom/complaint NOS |
Clerodendrum indicum (L.) Kuntze | LAMIACEAE | Shrub | 0.037 | 0.037 | Inflorescences, leaves | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Cnestis palala (Lour.) Merr. | CONNARACEAE | Climber | 0.037 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Codariocalyx motorius (Houtt.) H. Ohashi | LEGUMINOSAE | Shrub | 0.037 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. monilifer Watt | POACEAE | Grass | 0.148 | 0.074 | Whole plants, roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Back symptom/complaint, Flank/axilla symptom/complaint, muscle pain |
Crateva religiosa G. Forst. | CAPPARACEAE | Tree | 0.037 | 0.037 | Leaves | Grind | Poultices | Sprain/strain of ankle |
Cratoxylum formosum (Jacq.) Benth. and Hook.f. ex Dyer subsp. pruniflorum (Kurz) Gogelein | HYPERICACEAE | Tree | 0.037 | 0.037 | Roots, stems | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Crinum asiaticum L. | AMARYLLIDACEAE | Herb | 0.111 | 0.111 | Leaves | Burning | Oral ingestion, poultices | Muscle pain, sprain/strain of joint NOS |
Croton kongensis Gagnep. | EUPHORBIACEAE | Shrub | 0.037 | 0.037 | Leaves, roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Croton mangelong Y.T. Chang | EUPHORBIACEAE | Shrub | 0.074 | 0.074 | Leaves | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Curcuma elata Roxb. | ZINGIBERACEAE | Herb | 0.074 | 0.037 | Roots | Grind | Poultices | Hand/finger symptom/complaint, knee symptom/complaint |
Curcuma longa L. | ZINGIBERACEAE | Herb | 0.111 | 0.111 | Roots | Burning, grind | Poultices | Fracture: other, leg/thigh symptom/complaint |
Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe | ZINGIBERACEAE | Herb | 0.074 | 0.037 | Roots | None | Chewing | Back symptom/complaint, flank/axilla symptom/complaint |
Cuscuta chinensis Lam. | CONVOLVULACEAE | Herb | 0.037 | 0.037 | Stems | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Cyclocodon celebicus (Blume) D.Y. Hong | CAMPANULACEAE | Shrub | 0.037 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf | POACEAE | Grass | 0.074 | 0.074 | Stems, whole plants | Burning, grind | Poultices | Fracture: other, muscle pain |
Dendrocalamus brandisii (Munro) Kurz | POACEAE | Bamboo | 0.037 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq. | LORANTHACEAE | Shrub | 0.037 | 0.037 | Stems | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Knee symptom/complaint |
Desmos macrocarpus Bân | ANNONACEAE | Climber | 0.037 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Dimetia ampliflora (Hance) Neupane and N. Wikstr. | RUBIACEAE | Herb | 0.074 | 0.037 | Roots, whole plants | Decoction | Oral ingestion, steaming | Muscle pain |
Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. | ATHYRIACEAE | Fern | 0.037 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Poultices | Sprain/strain of joint NOS |
Dischidia nummularia R. Br. | APOCYNACEAE | Herb | 0.074 | 0.074 | Leaves | Decoction, grind, none | Eaten as food, oral ingestion, poultices | Knee symptom/complaint, muscle pain |
Dracaena fragrans (L.) Ker Gawl. | ASPARAGACEAE | Shrub | 0.037 | 0.037 | Leaves | Burning | Poultices | Sprain/strain of joint NOS |
Dracaena terniflora Roxb. | ASPARAGACEAE | Shrub | 0.037 | 0.037 | Leaves, stems | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Duabanga grandiflora (DC.) Walp. | LYTHRACEAE | Tree | 0.074 | 0.074 | Bark | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Dufrenoya collettii (Gamble) Stauffer | SANTALACEAE | Herb | 0.148 | 0.037 | Roots, whole plants | Decoction | Liniment, oral ingestion, poultices | Flank/axilla symptom/complaint, muscle pain, sprain/strain of joint NOS |
Dufrenoya sessilis (Craib) Stauffer | SANTALACEAE | Shrub | 0.111 | 0.037 | Leaves, stems | Burning, decoction | Oral ingestion, poultices | Leg/thigh symptom/complaint, muscle pain, sprain/strain of joint NOS |
Duhaldea cappa (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Pruski and Anderb. | ASTERACEAE | Shrub | 0.407 | 0.259 | Inflorescences, leaves, roots | Burning, decoction, grind | Oral ingestion, poultices | Joint symptom/complaint NOS, knee symptom/complaint, muscle pain, sprain/strain of joint NOS |
Elephantopus scaber L. | ASTERACEAE | Herb | 0.222 | 0.222 | Roots, whole plants | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Flank/axilla symptom/complaint, muscle pain |
Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb. | IRIDACEAE | Herb | 0.037 | 0.037 | Roots | Grind | Liniment | Muscle pain |
Embelia ribes Burm.f. | PRIMULACEAE | Climber | 0.037 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Engelhardia spicata Lesch. ex Blume | JUGLANDACEAE | Tree | 0.074 | 0.074 | Bark, stems | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Ensete glaucum (Roxb.) Cheesman | MUSACEAE | Herb | 0.037 | 0.037 | Seeds | Decoction | Compress | Muscle pain |
Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. subsp. debile (Roxb. ex Vaucher) Hauke | EQUISETACEAE | Low vascular plant | 0.037 | 0.037 | Stems | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr. | LEGUMINOSAE | Tree | 0.074 | 0.074 | Bark, leaves | Burning, decoction | Oral ingestion, poultices | Fracture: radius/ulna, leg/thigh symptom/complaint |
Eurycoma longifolia Jack | SIMAROUBACEAE | Shrub | 0.074 | 0.074 | Whole plants | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. | MORACEAE | Tree | 0.037 | 0.037 | Stems | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch. | SALICACEAE | Tree | 0.037 | 0.037 | Bark | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Flacourtia rukam Zoll. and Moritzi | SALICACEAE | Tree | 0.148 | 0.074 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Bursitis/tendinitis/synovitis NOS, muscle pain |
Flemingia strobilifera (L.) W.T. Aiton | LEGUMINOSAE | Shrub | 0.037 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Flueggea leucopyrus Willd. | PHYLLANTHACEAE | Shrub | 0.037 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Gmelina arborea Roxb. | LAMIACEAE | Tree | 0.333 | 0.296 | Bark, inflorescences | Burning, decoction | Oral ingestion, poultices, soak | Fracture: other, knee symptom/complaint, Muscle pain |
Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino | CUCURBITACEAE | Climber | 0.037 | 0.037 | Whole plants | Decoction | Poultices | Muscle pain |
Heliciopsis terminalis (Kurz) Sleumer | PROTEACEAE | Tree | 0.037 | 0.037 | Bark | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Hellenia speciosa (J. Koenig) S.R. Dutta | COSTACEAE | Herb | 0.037 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Flank/axilla symptom/complaint |
Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz | MALPIGHIACEAE | Climber | 0.111 | 0.074 | Bark, roots, stems | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Back symptom/complaint, flank/axilla symptom/complaint, muscle pain |
Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz subsp. candicans (Hook.f.) Sirirugsa | MALPIGHIACEAE | Shrub | 0.037 | 0.037 | Bark | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Flank/axilla symptom/complaint |
Huangtcia renifolia (L.) H. Ohashi and K. Ohashi | LEGUMINOSAE | Shrub | 0.037 | 0.037 | Whole plants | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb. | ARALIACEAE | Herb | 0.111 | 0.074 | Leaves, whole plants | Decoction, none | Eaten as food, oral ingestion | Back symptom/complaint, flank/axilla symptom/complaint, muscle pain |
Hymenasplenium apogamum (N. Murak. and Hatan.) Nakaike | ASPLENIACEAE | Fern | 0.037 | 0.037 | Leaves | Burning | Poultices | Sprain/strain of ankle |
Illigera trifoliata (Griff.) Dunn | HERNANDIACEAE | Climber | 0.074 | 0.037 | Leaves, whole plants | Decoction | Oral ingestion, steaming | Muscle pain |
Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. | POACEAE | Grass | 0.074 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Back symptom/complaint, flank/axilla symptom/complaint |
Indigofera caloneura Kurz | LEGUMINOSAE | Shrub | 0.037 | 0.037 | Whole plants | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Knee symptom/complaint |
Ixora henryi H. Lév. | RUBIACEAE | Tree | 0.037 | 0.037 | Leaves | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Kaempferia rotunda L. | ZINGIBERACEAE | Herb | 0.037 | 0.037 | Roots | Grind | Compress | Muscle pain, knee symptom/complaint |
Leea indica (Burm.f.) Merr. | VITACEAE | Shrub | 0.074 | 0.074 | Leaves, roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Knee symptom/complaint |
Lilium primulinum Baker var. burmanicum (W.W. Sm.) Stearn | LILIACEAE | Herb | 0.074 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Bath | Back symptom/complaint, flank/axilla symptom/complaint |
Litsea martabanica (Kurz) Hook.f. | LAURACEAE | Tree | 0.037 | 0.037 | Whole plants | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Lycopodiella cernua cernua (L.) Pic. Serm. | LYCOPODIACEAE | Fern | 0.037 | 0.037 | Stems | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. | LYGODIACEAE | Fern | 0.259 | 0.148 | Aerial parts, roots, whole plants | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Back symptom/complaint, flank/axilla symptom/complaint, leg/thigh symptom/complaint |
Macaranga denticulata (Blume) Müll. Arg. | EUPHORBIACEAE | Tree | 0.037 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Fracture: femur |
Maesa glomerata K. Larsen and C.M. Hu | PRIMULACEAE | Shrub | 0.037 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Mangifera indica L. | ANACARDIACEAE | Tree | 0.037 | 0.037 | Stems | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Mansoa alliacea (Lam.) A. Gentry | BIGNONIACEAE | Climber | 0.037 | 0.037 | Leaves | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Joint symptom/complaint NOS |
Melicope lunu-ankenda (Gaertn.) T.G. Hartley | RUTACEAE | Shrub | 0.111 | 0.037 | Leaves, whole plants | Decoction, none | Bath, poultices | Back symptom/complaint, flank/axilla symptom/complaint, muscle pain |
Melicope pteleifolia (Champ. ex Benth.) T.G. Hartley | RUTACEAE | Tree | 0.037 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Memecylon pauciflorum Blume | MELASTOMATACEAE | Shrub | 0.037 | 0.037 | Leaves | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Microcos paniculata L. | MALVACEAE | Tree | 0.037 | 0.037 | Leaves, roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Miliusa thorelii Finet and Gagnep. | ANNONACEAE | Shrub | 0.704 | 0.259 | Bark, leaves, roots, stems | Alcoholic infusion, decoction | Oral ingestion | Fracture: other, Joint symptom/complaint NOS, Knee symptom/complaint, Muscle pain |
Miliusa velutina (Dunal) Hook.f. and Thomson | ANNONACEAE | Tree | 0.074 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Back symptom/complaint, flank/axilla symptom/complaint |
Mimosa pudica L. | LEGUMINOSAE | Herb | 0.111 | 0.111 | Roots, whole plants | Decoction | Oral ingestion, soak | Muscle pain |
Mitragyna rotundifolia (Roxb.) Kuntze | RUBIACEAE | Tree | 0.037 | 0.037 | Roots, stems | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Rheumatoid/seropositive arthritis |
Momordica charantia L. | CUCURBITACEAE | Climber | 0.037 | 0.037 | Whole plants | Cook | Eaten as food | Muscle pain |
Monosis volkameriifolia (DC.) H. Rob. and Skvarla | ASTERACEAE | Shrub | 0.074 | 0.037 | Roots, stems | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Leg/thigh symptom/complaint, muscle pain |
Mussaenda sanderiana Ridl. | RUBIACEAE | Shrub | 0.037 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Poultices | Muscle pain |
Nyctocalos brunfelsiiflora Teijsm. and Binn. | BIGNONIACEAE | Climber | 0.074 | 0.037 | Roots, stems, whole plants | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Flank/axilla symptom/complaint, muscle pain |
Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC. | APIACEAE | Herb | 0.037 | 0.037 | Leaves | None | Eaten as food | Muscle pain |
Oroxylum indicum (L.) Benth. ex Kurz | BIGNONIACEAE | Tree | 0.074 | 0.074 | Bark, stems | Decoction, none | Chewing, oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. | LAMIACEAE | Herb | 0.037 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Osbeckia chinensis L. | MELASTOMATACEAE | Shrub | 0.037 | 0.037 | Roots, whole plants | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Oxyceros bispinosus (Griff.) Tirveng. | RUBIACEAE | Shrub | 0.037 | 0.037 | Stems | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Paris polyphylla Sm. | MELANTHIACEAE | Herb | 0.111 | 0.074 | Roots | Alcoholic infusion, decoction | Oral ingestion | Flank/axilla symptom/complaint, muscle pain |
Peliosanthes caesia J.M.H. Shaw | ASPARAGACEAE | Herb | 0.037 | 0.037 | Leaves, whole plants | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Neck symptom/complain |
Phlogacanthus curviflorus Nees | ACANTHACEAE | Shrub | 0.148 | 0.074 | Inflorescences, leaves, whole plants | Burning, none | Eaten as food, poultices | Muscle pain |
Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. and Thonn. | PHYLLANTHACEAE | Herb | 0.111 | 0.111 | Whole plants | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Phyllanthus emblica L. | PHYLLANTHACEAE | Tree | 0.037 | 0.037 | Bark | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Phyllodium pulchellum (L.) Desv. | LEGUMINOSAE | Shrub | 0.074 | 0.074 | Roots, whole plants | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Picrasma javanica Blume | SIMAROUBACEAE | Tree | 0.037 | 0.037 | Bark | Water infusion | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Piper boehmeriifolium (Miq.) C. DC. | PIPERACEAE | Climber | 0.037 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Piper interruptum Opiz | PIPERACEAE | Climber | 0.074 | 0.074 | Stems | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Piper nigrum L. | PIPERACEAE | Climber | 0.074 | 0.037 | Infructescences | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Back symptom/complaint, flank/axilla symptom/complaint |
Piper retrofractum Vahl | PIPERACEAE | Climber | 0.074 | 0.037 | Infructescences | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Back symptom/complaint, flank/axilla symptom/complaint |
Piper ribesioides (Wall.) C. DC | PIPERACEAE | Climber | 0.037 | 0.037 | Stems | Grind | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Plantago major L. | PLANTAGINACEAE | Herb | 0.852 | 0.370 | Leaves, roots, whole plants | Burning, grind, decoction, none, pounded | Compress, eaten as food, oral ingestion, poultices | Back symptom/complaint, flank/axilla symptom/complaint, hand/finger symptom/complaint, joint symptom/complaint NOS, knee symptom/complaint, muscle pain, sprain/strain of joint NOS |
Plumbago indica L. | PLUMBAGINACEAE | Herb | 0.148 | 0.074 | Roots | Alcoholic infusion, decoction | Oral ingestion | Flank/axilla symptom/complaint, knee symptom/complaint, muscle pain |
Plumbago zeylanica L. | PLUMBAGINACEAE | Shrub | 0.074 | 0.037 | Roots | Alcoholic infusion | Oral ingestion | Back symptom/complaint, flank/axilla symptom/complaint |
Plumeria obtusa L. | APOCYNACEAE | Tree | 0.037 | 0.037 | Leaves | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Plumeria rubra L. | APOCYNACEAE | Tree | 0.074 | 0.037 | Bark | Decoction, water infusion | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Polygala arillata Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don | POLYGALACEAE | Shrub | 0.037 | 0.037 | Inflorescences, roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Polygala chinensis L. | POLYGALACEAE | Herb | 0.074 | 0.074 | Whole plants | Burning, decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Pothos chinensis (Raf.) Merr. | ARACEAE | Climber | 0.111 | 0.074 | Leaves, stems, whole plants | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Leg/thigh symptom/complaint, muscle pain |
Pothos scandens L. | ARACEAE | Climber | 0.630 | 0.259 | Whole plants | Alcoholic infusion, decoction | Oral ingestion | Back symptom/complaint, flank/axilla symptom/complaint, muscle pain, sprain/strain of joint NOS |
Psychotria yunnanensis Hutch. | RUBIACEAE | Shrub | 0.037 | 0.037 | Stems | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. | PUTRANJIVACEAE | Tree | 0.037 | 0.037 | Leaves | Burning | Poultices | Muscle pain |
Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz | ACANTHACEAE | Shrub | 0.037 | 0.037 | Whole plants | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Rotheca serrata Steane and Mabb. | LAMIACEAE | Shrub | 0.111 | 0.111 | Barks, leaves | Decoction, grind | Oral ingestion, poultices | Muscle pain |
Rubia cordifolia L. | RUBIACEAE | Herb | 0.037 | 0.037 | Whole plants | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Saccharum officinarum L. | POACEAE | Grass | 0.074 | 0.037 | Leaves, stems | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Back symptom/complaint, flank/axilla symptom/complaint |
Salacia chinensis L. | CELASTRACEAE | Shrub | 0.037 | 0.037 | Stems | Alcoholic infusion | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Salacia verrucosa Wight | CELASTRACEAE | Climber | 0.111 | 0.074 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Leg/thigh symptom/complaint, muscle pain |
Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume | ADOXACEAE | Shrub | 1.148 | 0.593 | Leaves, roots, whole plants | Burning, grind, decoction | Compress, oral ingestion, poultices | Flank/axilla symptom/complaint, fracture: other, fracture: radius/ulna, joint symptom/complaint NOS, leg/thigh symptom/complaint, muscle pain, sprain/strain of joint NOS, wrist symptom/complaint |
Sambucus simpsonii Rehder | ADOXACEAE | Shrub | 0.481 | 0.259 | Leaves, roots | Burning, decoction | Compress, oral ingestion, poultices | Fracture: other, muscle pain, sprain/strain of joint NOS |
Sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) Nakai var. brachystachys (Blume) Verdc. | CHLORANTHACEAE | Shrub | 0.037 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Saurauia roxburghii Wall. | ACTINIDIACEAE | Tree | 0.037 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Decoction | Muscle pain |
Schefflera leucantha R. Vig. | ARALIACEAE | Shrub | 0.259 | 0.148 | Stems, whole plants | Burning and decoction | Bath, oral ingestion | Back symptom/complaint, flank/axilla symptom/complaint, joint symptom/complaint NOS, muscle pain |
Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth. | THEACEAE | Tree | 0.037 | 0.037 | Leaves | Water infusion | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Scleropyrum maingayi Hook.f. | SANTALACEAE | Tree | 0.148 | 0.037 | Whole plants | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Back symptom/complaint, flank/axilla symptom/complaint, joint symptom/complaint NOS, muscle pain |
Scleropyrum pentandrum (Dennst.) Mabb. | SANTALACEAE | Tree | 0.111 | 0.074 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Back symptom/complaint, muscle pain |
Scoparia dulcis L. | PLANTAGINACEAE | Herb | 0.111 | 0.111 | Whole plants | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link | LEGUMINOSAE | Shrub | 0.037 | 0.037 | Seeds | Burning and decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Sida acuta Burm.f. | MALVACEAE | Shrub | 0.148 | 0.074 | Roots, whole plants | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Flank/axilla symptom/complaint, muscle pain, sprain/strain of joint NOS |
Sida cordifolia L. | MALVACEAE | Shrub | 0.111 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Flank/axilla symptom/complaint, muscle pain, sprain/strain of joint NOS |
Sida rhombifolia L. | MALVACEAE | Shrub | 0.037 | 0.037 | Leaves, roots, whole plants | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Flank/axilla symptom/complaint |
Smilax corbularia Kunth | SMILACACEAE | Climber | 0.037 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Smilax glabra Roxb. | SMILACACEAE | Climber | 0.148 | 0.074 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Back symptom/complaint, flank/axilla symptom/complaint, muscle pain |
Smilax griffithii A. DC. | SMILACACEAE | Climber | 0.074 | 0.074 | Whole plants | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Smilax luzonensis C. Presl | SMILACACEAE | Climber | 0.037 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Sohmaea teres (Wall. ex Benth.) H. Ohashi and K. Ohashi | LEGUMINOSAE | Shrub | 0.074 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Back symptom/complaint, flank/axilla symptom/complaint |
Solanum erianthum D. Don | SOLANACEAE | Shrub | 0.074 | 0.037 | Stems | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Back symptom/complaint, flank/axilla symptom/complaint |
Styrax benzoides Craib | STYRACACEAE | Tree | 0.037 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H. Ohashi | LEGUMINOSAE | Shrub | 0.222 | 0.111 | Roots, whole plants | Alcoholic infusion, decoction | Oral ingestion | Back symptom/complaint, flank/axilla symptom/complaint, muscle pain |
Tetrastigma cruciatum Craib and Gagnep. | VITACEAE | Climber | 0.037 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Thunbergia coccinea Wall. ex D. Don | ACANTHACEAE | Climber | 0.148 | 0.074 | Stems, whole plants | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Arm symptom/complaint, knee symptom/complaint, muscle pain |
Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. | ACANTHACEAE | Climber | 0.111 | 0.111 | Leaves, roots, stems, whole plants | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Thysanolaena latifolia (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Honda | POACEAE | Grass | 0.037 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook.f. and Thomson | MENISPERMACEAE | Climber | 0.185 | 0.148 | Aerial parts, stems | Alcoholic infusion, sugar infusion, decoction | Oral ingestion, poultices | Back symptom/complaint, flank/axilla symptom/complaint, muscle pain |
Tupistra muricata (Gagnep.) N. Tanaka | ASPARAGACEAE | Herb | 0.222 | 0.074 | Leaves, roots | Burning, decoction | Poultices | Fracture: femur, leg/thigh symptom/complaint, sprain/strain of joint NOS, wrist symptom/complaint |
Turpinia pomifera (Roxb.) DC. | STAPHYLEACEAE | Tree | 0.074 | 0.037 | Roots | Alcoholic infusion, decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Uncaria laevigata Wall. ex G. Don | RUBIACEAE | Climber | 0.037 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Xantolis burmanica (Collett and Hemsl.) P. Royen | SAPOTACEAE | Tree | 0.037 | 0.037 | Bark | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Zingiber latifolium Theilade and Mood | ZINGIBERACEAE | Shrub | 0.037 | 0.037 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Fracture: other |
Zingiber officinale Roscoe | ZINGIBERACEAE | Shrub | 0.037 | 0.037 | Roots | Grind | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Zingiber ottensii Valeton | ZINGIBERACEAE | Shrub | 0.111 | 0.074 | Roots | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Back symptom/complaint, flank/axilla symptom/complaint, muscle pain |
Zingiber purpureum Roscoe | ZINGIBERACEAE | Shrub | 0.074 | 0.074 | Roots | Concoction, grind | Poultices | Muscle pain, sprain/strain of joint NOS |
Ziziphus cambodianus Pierre | RHAMNACEAE | Tree | 0.074 | 0.074 | Barks | Decoction | Oral ingestion | Muscle pain |
Code | Category | Number of Use Reports (Nur) | Number of Species (Nt) | ICF |
---|---|---|---|---|
L12 | Hand/finger symptom/complaint | 5 | 2 | 0.75 |
L76 | Fracture: other | 19 | 7 | 0.67 |
L79 | Sprain/strain of joint | 32 | 14 | 0.58 |
L20 | Joint symptom/complaint | 10 | 5 | 0.56 |
L87 | Bursitis/tendinitis/synovitis | 3 | 2 | 0.50 |
L11 | Wrist symptom/complaint | 3 | 2 | 0.50 |
L15 | Knee symptom/complaint | 18 | 11 | 0.41 |
L18 | Muscle pain | 187 | 117 | 0.38 |
L05 | Flank/axilla symptom/complaint | 65 | 47 | 0.28 |
L02 | Back symptom/complaint | 44 | 32 | 0.28 |
L14 | Leg/thigh symptom/complaint | 11 | 10 | 0.10 |
L09 | Arm symptom/complaint | 1 | 1 | 0.00 |
L75 | Fracture: femur | 2 | 2 | 0.00 |
L72 | Fracture: radius/ulna | 2 | 2 | 0.00 |
L19 | Muscle symptom/complaint | 1 | 1 | 0.00 |
L01 | Neck symptom/complain | 1 | 1 | 0.00 |
L88 | Rheumatoid/seropositive arthritis | 1 | 1 | 0.00 |
L77 | Sprain/strain of ankle | 2 | 2 | 0.00 |
Source | Village | Subdistrict | District | Province | #Species |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Junsongduang et al. [90] | Mae Hae Tai | Pang Hin Fon | Mae Chaem | Chiang Mai | 8 |
Kaewsangsai [29] | Khun Khun Noi | Mae Tuen | Omkoi | Chiang Mai | 52 |
Kamwong [91] | Mai Sa Wan | Ban Luang | Chom Thong | Chiang Mai | 8 |
Huay Poo Ling | Ban Luang | Chom Thong | Chiang Mai | 15 | |
Mahawongsanan [92] | Huai Sompoi | Doi Kaew | Chom Thong | Chiang Mai | 3 |
Pongamornkul [93] | Yang Tung Pong | Mae Na | Chiang Dao | Chiang Mai | 5 |
Yang Poo To | Chiang Dao | Chiang Dao | Chiang Mai | 6 | |
Puling [94] | Mae Klang Luang | Ban Luang | Chom Thong | Chiang Mai | 3 |
Ang Ka Noi | Ban Luang | Chom Thong | Chiang Mai | 3 | |
Sukkho [95] | Kio Pong | Chaem Luang | Mae Chaem | Chiang Mai | 13 |
Chaem Noi | Ban Chan | Mae Chaem | Chiang Mai | 10 | |
San Muang | Ban Chan | Mae Chaem | Chiang Mai | 10 | |
Huay Bong | Ban Chan | Mae Chaem | Chiang Mai | 11 | |
Huay Hom | Ban Chan | Mae Chaem | Chiang Mai | 9 | |
Tangjitman [96] | Huay Hea | Samoeng Tai | Samoeng District | Chiang Mai | 12 |
Mai Lan Kam | Samoeng Tai | Samoeng District | Chiang Mai | 17 | |
Winjchiyanan [97] | Thung Luang | Mae Wang | Mae Wang | Chiang Mai | 13 |
Pa Tak | Sop Poeng | Mae Tang | Chiang Mai | 2 | |
Mae Lod Tai | Sop Poeng | Mae Tang | Chiang Mai | 11 | |
Mae Hae Nuea | Na Chor | Mae Chaem | Chiang Mai | 4 | |
Huay Tong | Mae Wang | Mae Wang | Chiang Mai | 3 | |
Sonsupub [98] | Rai Pa | Huay Khayen | Thongphaphume | Kanchanaburi | 3 |
Moonjai [99] | Huay Hom | Huay Hom | Mae La Noi | Mae Hong Son | 1 |
Trisonthi and Trisonthi [100] | Six small sub-villages (Hua Mae Surin, Hua Hua, Mae Surin Noi, Payoi, Kano, and Mae U Kor Noi) | Mae Ukho | Khun Yuam | Mae Hong Son | 5 |
Junkhonkaen [101] | Bo Wee | Tanao Si | Suan Phueng | Ratchaburi | 10 |
Tangjitman [102] | Huay Nam Nak | Tanao Si | Suan Phueng | Ratchaburi | 3 |
Kantasrila [103] | Wa Do Kro | Mae Song | Tha Song Yang District | Tak | 61 |
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Kantasrila, R.; Pandith, H.; Balslev, H.; Wangpakapattanawong, P.; Panyadee, P.; Inta, A. Medicinal Plants for Treating Musculoskeletal Disorders among Karen in Thailand. Plants 2020, 9, 811. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9070811
Kantasrila R, Pandith H, Balslev H, Wangpakapattanawong P, Panyadee P, Inta A. Medicinal Plants for Treating Musculoskeletal Disorders among Karen in Thailand. Plants. 2020; 9(7):811. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9070811
Chicago/Turabian StyleKantasrila, Rapeeporn, Hataichanok Pandith, Henrik Balslev, Prasit Wangpakapattanawong, Prateep Panyadee, and Angkhana Inta. 2020. "Medicinal Plants for Treating Musculoskeletal Disorders among Karen in Thailand" Plants 9, no. 7: 811. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9070811