Comparative Chloroplast Genomics of Endangered Euphorbia Species: Insights into Hotspot Divergence, Repetitive Sequence Variation, and Phylogeny
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Comparative Characteristics of Chloroplast genomes
2.2. Analysis of Repetitive Sequences in the Genomes
2.3. SSRs Polymorphism Analysis
2.4. Compression and Augmentation of IR Region
2.5. Comparison of the Hotspot Region in the cp Genome
2.6. Phylogenomic Analysis of E. larica and E. smithii and Its Comparison with Related Species
3. Discussion
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Chloroplast DNA Extraction and Sequencing
4.2. Genome Assembly
4.3. Genome Annotation
4.4. Repeat Identification
4.5. Sequence Divergence and Phylogenetic Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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E. smithii | E. larica | E. esula | E. tirucalli | M. esculanta | J. curcas | H. brasiliensis | R. communis | V. fordii | C. tiglium | D. tonkinensis | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Size (bp) | 162,172 | 162,358 | 160,512 | 163,091 | 161,453 | 163,856 | 161,191 | 163,161 | 161,528 | 150,021 | 163,481 |
Overall GC contents | 35.8 | 35.6 | 35.6 | 35.6 | 35.9 | 35.4 | 35.7 | 35.7 | 36.0 | 35.4 | 35.7 |
LSC size in bp | 91,158 | 91,537 | 90,309 | 91,259 | 89,275 | 91,846 | 89,209 | 89,650 | 89,132 | 111,654 | 91,453 |
SSC size in bp | 18,603 | 18,239 | 17,023 | 18,168 | 18,250 | 17,849 | 18,362 | 18,816 | 18,758 | 18,167 | 18,476 |
IR size in bp | 26,206 | 26,291 | 26,590 | 26,832 | 26,954 | 27,023 | 26,810 | 27,347 | 26,819 | 10,100 | 26,776 |
Protein coding regions size in bp | 79,173 | 80,458 | 80,274 | 74,289 | 72,108 | 79,206 | 78,852 | 79,494 | 80,283 | 68,601 | 79,857 |
tRNA size in bp | 2885 | 2887 | 2925 | 2885 | 2814 | 2797 | 2812 | 2802 | 2742 | 2560 | 2740 |
rRNA size in bp | 9050 | 9049 | 9049 | 9049 | 6252 | 9047 | 9050 | 9050 | 9048 | 9050 | 9050 |
Number of genes | 132 | 133 | 132 | 130 | 128 | 129 | 129 | 131 | 129 | 122 | 134 |
Number of protein coding genes | 85 | 86 | 85 | 82 | 83 | 84 | 84 | 86 | 85 | 78 | 84 |
Number of rRNA | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
Number of tRNA | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 38 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 36 | 34 | 36 |
Genes with introns | 19 | 19 | 18 | 13 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 19 | 21 | 20 | 20 |
Gene | Exon I (bp) | Intron 1 (bp) | Exon II (bp) | Intron II (bp) | Exon III (bp) | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E.l | E.s | E.e | E.t | E.l | E.s | E.e | E.t | E.l | E.s | E.e | E.t | E.l | E.s | E.e | E.t | E.l | E.s | E.e | E.t | |
atpF | 145 | 145 | 145 | 145 | 670 | 671 | 666 | 667 | 470 | 470 | 470 | 470 | ||||||||
petB | 6 | 6 | 773 | 779 | 642 | 642 | ||||||||||||||
PetD | 8 | 8 | 779 | 780 | 496 | 496 | ||||||||||||||
rpl2* | 400 | 396 | 396 | 396 | 634 | 629 | 624 | 629 | 464 | 468 | 468 | 468 | ||||||||
rpl16 | 9 | 9 | 1395 | 1395 | 399 | 399 | ||||||||||||||
rpoC1 | 430 | 432 | 432 | 767 | 769 | 775 | 1613 | 1618 | 1617 | |||||||||||
rps12* | 114 | 114 | 114 | 114 | 232 | 232 | 232 | 232 | 541 | 536 | 536 | 536 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | ||||
clpP | 71 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 825 | 831 | 821 | 827 | 291 | 291 | 291 | 291 | 650 | 648 | 653 | 651 | 229 | 229 | 229 | 229 |
ndhA | 553 | 554 | 553 | 553 | 1138 | 1111 | 1116 | 1137 | 539 | 541 | 539 | 539 | ||||||||
ndhB* | 777 | 777 | 777 | 682 | 682 | 678 | 756 | 756 | 756 | |||||||||||
ycf3 | 124 | 124 | 124 | 124 | 733 | 747 | 747 | 733 | 230 | 230 | 230 | 230 | 669 | 676 | 675 | 677 | 153 | 153 | 153 | 153 |
trnA-UGC* | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 813 | 803 | 813 | 803 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | ||||||||
trnI-GAU* | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 945 | 945 | 945 | 945 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | ||||||||
trnL-UAA | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 587 | 583 | 619 | 590 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | ||||||||
trnK-UUU | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 2551 | 2560 | 2555 | 2563 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 29 | ||||||||
trnV-UAC | 39 | 582 | 42 |
T/U | C | A | G | Length (bp) | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E.l | E.s | E.e | E.t | E.l | E.s | E.e | E.t | E.l | E.s | E.e | E.t | E.l | E.s | E.e | E.t | E.l | E.s | E.e | E.t | |
Genome | 32.7 | 32.5 | 32.7 | 32.6 | 18.1 | 18.1 | 18 | 18.1 | 31.7 | 31.7 | 31.8 | 31.8 | 17.5 | 17.6 | 17.6 | 17.5 | 162,258 | 162,172 | 160,512 | 163,091 |
LSC | 34.5 | 34.3 | 34.5 | 34.3 | 16.7 | 16.8 | 16.6 | 16.7 | 32.8 | 32.7 | 32.9 | 32.9 | 16.0 | 16.1 | 16.1 | 16.1 | 91,537 | 91,158 | 90,309 | 91,259 |
SSC | 35.0 | 34.6 | 34.8 | 35 | 15.7 | 15.8 | 15.9 | 15.8 | 34.9 | 34.9 | 35 | 34.9 | 14.3 | 14.7 | 14.3 | 14.3 | 18,239 | 18,603 | 17,023 | 1818 |
IR | 28.9 | 29 | 28.7 | 29.1 | 20.5 | 20.5 | 21.9 | 20.4 | 28.6 | 28.5 | 29 | 28.6 | 22.0 | 22.1 | 20.4 | 21.9 | 26,291 | 26,206 | 26,590 | 26,832 |
tRNA | 26.5 | 25.5 | 25.4 | 25.5 | 21.6 | 23.2 | 23.2 | 23.3 | 24.7 | 22.2 | 22.3 | 22.1 | 27.2 | 29.2 | 29.1 | 29.1 | 2887 | 2885 | 2925 | 2885 |
rRNA | 18.8 | 18.8 | 18.8 | 18.8 | 23.7 | 23.7 | 23.7 | 23.7 | 25.8 | 25.8 | 25.7 | 25.7 | 31.8 | 31.8 | 31.8 | 31.8 | 2049 | 9050 | 9049 | 9049 |
Protein Coding genes | 31.8 | 31.8 | 31.8 | 31.6 | 17.4 | 17.4 | 17.3 | 17.3 | 31.1 | 31.1 | 31.2 | 31.1 | 19.8 | 19.8 | 19.6 | 19.9 | 80,458 | 79,173 | 80,274 | 74,289 |
1st position | 24.3 | 25.9 | 24.1 | 23.9 | 18.3 | 18.4 | 18.4 | 18.5 | 31.0 | 31.2 | 31.0 | 30.9 | 26.1 | 24.3 | 26.3 | 26.6 | 26,817 | 26,390 | 26,758 | 24,763 |
2nd position | 32.6 | 32.7 | 28.4 | 38.4 | 19.9 | 19.8 | 19.9 | 19.9 | 29.7 | 29.8 | 29.8 | 29.9 | 17.5 | 17.5 | 17.4 | 17.5 | 26,817 | 26,390 | 26,758 | 24,763 |
3rd position | 38.2 | 38.2 | 38.6 | 38.4 | 32.2 | 13.8 | 16.6 | 13.4 | 13.8 | 32.1 | 28.4 | 32.4 | 15.5 | 18.1 | 13.8 | 15.7 | 26,817 | 26,390 | 26,758 | 24,763 |
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Khan, A.; Asaf, S.; Khan, A.L.; Shehzad, T.; Al-Rawahi, A.; Al-Harrasi, A. Comparative Chloroplast Genomics of Endangered Euphorbia Species: Insights into Hotspot Divergence, Repetitive Sequence Variation, and Phylogeny. Plants 2020, 9, 199. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9020199
Khan A, Asaf S, Khan AL, Shehzad T, Al-Rawahi A, Al-Harrasi A. Comparative Chloroplast Genomics of Endangered Euphorbia Species: Insights into Hotspot Divergence, Repetitive Sequence Variation, and Phylogeny. Plants. 2020; 9(2):199. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9020199
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhan, Arif, Sajjad Asaf, Abdul Latif Khan, Tariq Shehzad, Ahmed Al-Rawahi, and Ahmed Al-Harrasi. 2020. "Comparative Chloroplast Genomics of Endangered Euphorbia Species: Insights into Hotspot Divergence, Repetitive Sequence Variation, and Phylogeny" Plants 9, no. 2: 199. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9020199