Impact of Coating of Urea with Bacillus-Augmented Zinc Oxide on Wheat Grown under Salinity Stress
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Soil Characterization
2.2. Physiological Attributes of Wheat
2.3. Improvement in Growth Attributes
2.4. Effect on Yield Parameters
2.5. Antioxidant Assays
2.6. Impact on Macro- and Micronutrient Content of Wheat
2.7. Relationship and Variation among Morpho-Physio and Biochemical Attributes of Wheat
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Preparation of Bacillus sp. Strain AZ6 Inoculum
4.2. Production of Bacillus Augmented ZnO (BAZ)-Coated Urea
4.3. Soil Characterization
4.4. Experimental Setup
4.5. Physiological Measurements
4.6. Determination of Growth Attributes
4.7. Antioxidant Enzyme Activity
4.8. Measurement of Wheat Yield
4.9. Analysis of Macro- and Micronutrients
4.10. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatments | Salinity Conditions | Plant Height (cm) | Root Length (cm) | Germination Rate (%) | No. of Tillers Plant−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Normal | 65.4 ± 1.2 c | 22.0 ± 0.44 d | 74.3 ± 1.91 c | 3.3 ± 0.38 bcd |
Saline | 59.3 ± 0.9 d | 19.3 ± 0.27 e | 65.7 ± 2.10 d | 2.3 ± 0.33 d | |
ZnSO4 coated urea | Normal | 81.1 ± 1.1 a | 27.4 ± 0.61 a | 92.3 ± 2.45 a | 4.6 ± 0.37 a |
Saline | 79.7 ± 1.2 a | 24.1 ± 0.24 b | 82.7 ± 2.24 b | 3.7 ± 0.37 abc | |
BAZ-coated urea | Normal | 80.0 ± 0.8 a | 26.7 ± 0.38 a | 90.7 ± 2.35 a | 4.0 ± 0.58 ab |
Saline | 71.3 ± 0.9 b | 23.5 ± 0.43 bc | 80.0 ± 3.07 bc | 3.0 ± 0.12 bcd | |
Bacillus sp. strain AZ6 | Normal | 78.6 ± 0.3 a | 22.6 ± 0.47 cd | 80.0 ± 1.86 bc | 3.7 ± 0.21 abc |
Saline | 68.6 ± 0.8 b | 19.8 ± 0.18 e | 72.3 ± 1.41 cd | 2.7 ± 0.32 cd |
Treatments | Salinity Conditions | 1000-Grain Weight (g) | Spike Length (cm) | Spike Weight (g) | No. of Grains Spike−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Normal | 38.63 ± 0.42 b | 8.17 ± 0.44 de | 12.7 ± 1.14 c | 35.7 ± 1.14 d |
Saline | 33.83 ± 0.46 c | 7.33 ± 0.17 e | 10.5 ± 0.93 d | 30.0 ± 1.64 e | |
ZnSO4 | Normal | 44.93 ± 1.44 a | 11.26 ± 0.44 a | 16.7 ± 1.05 a | 48.7 ± 2.32 a |
coated urea | Saline | 40.06 ± 0.18 b | 9.50 ± 0.29 bc | 14.0 ± 1.21 b | 42.0 ± 1.87 b |
BAZ-coated urea | Normal | 44.01 ± 1.34 a | 10.67 ± 0.17 ab | 15.7 ± 0.88 a | 47.3 ± 2.75 a |
Saline | 39.73 ± 1.08 b | 9.01 ± 0.58 cd | 13.8 ± 0.75 b | 40.7 ± 2.36 bc | |
Bacillus sp. strain AZ6 | Normal | 38.13 ± 0.71 b | 8.16 ± 0.60 de | 12.9 ± 1.01 c | 37.3 ± 1.95 cd |
Saline | 32.83 ± 0.55 c | 7.50 ± 0.31 e | 10.9 ± 0.64 d | 31.3 ± 2.16 e |
Treatments | Salinity Conditions | Ascorbate Peroxidase (nmol mint−1 g−1) | Glutathione Peroxidase (nmol mint−1 g−1) | Glutathione Transferase (µmol mint−1 mg−1) | Glutathione Reductase (nmol mint−1 mg−1) | Catalase (nmol mint−1 mg−1) | Superoxide Dismutase (nmol mint−1 mg−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Normal | 31.2 ± 1.41 b | 50.0 ± 1.75 c | 197.0 ± 6.85 c | 20.7 ± 0.95 b | 9.88 ± 0.48 c | 134.0 ± 5.55 bc |
Saline | 45.1 ± 1.78 a | 74.6 ± 1.52 a | 297.0 ± 9.34 a | 30.3 ± 1.23 a | 15.4 ± 0.52 a | 189.0 ± 6.91 a | |
ZnSO4 coated urea | Normal | 12.8 ± 1.06 d | 19.9 ± 1.38 e | 63.0 ± 4.44 d | 7.5 ± 0.73 c | 3.68 ± 0.35 d | 55.0 ± 4.43 f |
Saline | 22.2 ± 1.24 c | 35.5 ± 1.72 d | 136.0 ± 4.14 d | 16.6 ± 0.77 b | 8.0 ± 0.40 c | 98.0 ± 4.65 de | |
BAZ-coated urea | Normal | 14.7 ± 0.71 d | 26.4 ± 1.34 e | 105.0 ± 5.02 d | 9.5 ± 0.87 c | 4.67 ± 0.36 d | 75 ± 5.10 ef |
Saline | 25.3 ± 1.43 bc | 43.1 ± 1.58 cd | 175.0 ± 7.23 c | 19.0 ± 0.99 b | 8.6 ± 0.40 c | 115.0 ± 4.36 cd | |
Bacillus sp. strain AZ6 | Normal | 29.4 ± 1.27 b | 46.1 ± 1.97 c | 177.0 ± 8.66 c | 18.7 ± 1.02 b | 7.92 ± 0.43 c | 119.0 ± 5.99 cd |
Saline | 40.0 ± 1.59 a | 64.3 ± 1.89 b | 259.0 ± 8.86 b | 26.5 ± 1.07 a | 12.6 ± 0.47 b | 161.0 ± 6.33 b |
Treatments | Salinity Conditions | Nitrogen in Straw (g kg−1) | Nitrogen in Grains (g kg−1) | Phosphorous in Straw (g kg−1) | Phosphorous in Grains (g kg−1) | Potassium in Straw (g kg−1) | Potassium in Grains (g kg−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Normal | 15.2 ± 0.65 c | 11.0 ± 0.42 cd | 1.62 ± 0.06 cd | 0.83 ± 0.03 c | 12.3 ± 0.51 cd | 8.5 ± 0.31 c |
Saline | 10.5± 0.38 e | 7.2 ± 0.36 f | 1.07 ± 0.05 f | 0.54 ± 0.02 e | 8.7 ± 0.45 e | 6.1 ± 0.30 e | |
ZnSO4 coated urea | Normal | 20.5 ± 0.58 a | 15.8 ± 0.54 a | 2.29 ± 0.07 a | 1.19 ± 0.05 a | 17.7 ± 0.69 a | 12.7 ± 0.47 a |
Saline | 14.6 ± 0.44 cd | 10.5 ± 0.41 cde | 1.57 ± 0.07 de | 0.84 ± 0.04 cd | 13.3 ± 0.68 bc | 9.1 ± 0.37 bc | |
BAZ-coated urea | Normal | 19.4 ± 0.51 ab | 13.7 ± 0.37 ab | 2.07 ± 0.05 ab | 1.05 ± 0.04 ab | 15.8 ± 0.54 ab | 10.6 ± 0.43 b |
Saline | 14.0 ± 0.38 cd | 9.8 ± 0.33 de | 1.45 ± 0.05 de | 0.74 ± 0.04 cd | 11.9 ± 0.59 cd | 8.0 ± 0.39 cd | |
Bacillus sp. strain AZ6 | Normal | 17.5 ± 0.52 b | 12.5 ± 0.36 bc | 1.87 ± 0.07 bc | 0.89 ± 0.03 bc | 14.3 ± 0.47 bc | 9.1 ± 0.33 bc |
Saline | 11.7 ± 0.48 de | 8.5 ± 0.31 ef | 1.29 ± 0.04 f | 0.66 ± 0.03 de | 10.0 ± 0.51 de | 6.7 ± 0.28 de |
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Ain, N.U.; Naveed, M.; Hussain, A.; Mumtaz, M.Z.; Rafique, M.; Bashir, M.A.; Alamri, S.; Siddiqui, M.H. Impact of Coating of Urea with Bacillus-Augmented Zinc Oxide on Wheat Grown under Salinity Stress. Plants 2020, 9, 1375. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9101375
Ain NU, Naveed M, Hussain A, Mumtaz MZ, Rafique M, Bashir MA, Alamri S, Siddiqui MH. Impact of Coating of Urea with Bacillus-Augmented Zinc Oxide on Wheat Grown under Salinity Stress. Plants. 2020; 9(10):1375. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9101375
Chicago/Turabian StyleAin, Noor Ul, Muhammad Naveed, Azhar Hussain, Muhammad Zahid Mumtaz, Munazza Rafique, Muhammad Asaad Bashir, Saud Alamri, and Manzer H. Siddiqui. 2020. "Impact of Coating of Urea with Bacillus-Augmented Zinc Oxide on Wheat Grown under Salinity Stress" Plants 9, no. 10: 1375. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9101375