Traditional Uses of Leguminosae among the Karen in Thailand
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Traditionally Used Leguminosae
2.2. Previously Unreported Legume Uses
2.3. Use Categories
2.4. Habitats, Life Forms, and Parts Used
2.5. Cultural Importance Index (CI) and Fidelity Level (FL)
3. Discussion
3.1. Traditionally Used Leguminosae
3.2. Previously Unreported Legume Uses
3.3. Use Categories
3.4. Habitats, Life Forms, and Parts Used
3.5. Cultural Importance Index (CI) and Fidelity Level (FL)
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Site
4.2. Data Collection
4.3. Data Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Village Name | District | Coordinates | Elevation (m a.s.l.) | Distance from Nearest Urban Center (km) | #Households | #Inhabitants | #Informants | Gender | Informant Age Range | #Use Reports | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Specialist | Nonspecialist | F | M | Average/Informant | Total | ||||||||
Khuntae | Chom Thong | 18 23′ 29″ N 98 30′ 23″ E | 1228 | 26 | 229 | 807 | 2 | 28 | 15 | 15 | 45–80 | 54 | 1609 |
Pakanok | Samoeng | 18 46′ 5″ N 98 39′ 35″ E | 863 | 17 | 67 | 278 | 2 | 28 | 15 | 15 | 43–95 | 49 | 1469 |
Tuan | Mae Chaem | 18 30′ 53″ N 98 16′ 33″ E | 1265 | 15 | 73 | 253 | 2 | 28 | 15 | 15 | 34–83 | 46 | 1365 |
Species [Karen Name] | CI Value | Voucher N.Sutjaritjai no. | Life Form | Habitat | Use Categories | Part Used | Method of Preparation | Application (Route of Administration Only in Medicine Category) | FL (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adenanthera | |||||||||
Adenanthera pavonina L. [Sa lae khwo] | 0.91 | 0570 | T | F | F | L | bo | vegetable | 78 |
Ma | Fr | cw | shampoo | 11 | |||||
Me | Fr/L | bo | puerperium (bath) | 11 | |||||
Aeschynomene | |||||||||
*Aeschynomene americana L. [Sae ya po] | 0.57 | 0628 | S | F/V | Me | W | de | back pain/lumbago (potions) | 100 |
W | de | muscle relaxant (potions) | |||||||
Afzelia | |||||||||
**Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib [Sae ki mae] | 0.80 | 0522 | T | F/M | F | Se | ro | snack | 7 |
Ma | Se | re | necklace beads | 8 | |||||
Me | Se | gr | poisonous insect bites (liniment) | 75 | |||||
SU | Se | ts | chew with betel nut | 10 | |||||
Albizia | |||||||||
Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. [Sa per mu] | 0.77 | 0779 | T | F | Ma | B | cw | detergent/soap (cleanser) | 85 |
Me | B | cw | antidandruff (wash hair) | 15 | |||||
Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. [Pu wu / Kwa] | 0.32 | 0630 | T | F | F | L | bo | vegetable | 48 |
Fu | St | cu | firewood | 3 | |||||
Ma | St | cu | musical instruments | 14 | |||||
Me | B/R | de | coughs (potions) | 35 | |||||
Arachis | |||||||||
Arachis hypogaea L. [Poe toe or koe] | 1.00 | 0979 | H | A | F | Se | bo/co | snack/dessert | 100 |
Archidendron | |||||||||
Archidendron clypearia (Jack) I.C.Nielsen [Cho tu mae] | 0.66 | 0780 | T | F | Fu | St | cu | firewood | 3 |
Ma | L | bm | gun powder | 22 | |||||
Me | L | bm | blisters and burns (poultices) | 70 | |||||
NP | L | no | insect repellents | 5 | |||||
Archidendron jiringa (Jack) I.C.Nielsen [Sa nae sa] | 0.63 | 0706 | T | H/M | F | Se | pr/bo | vegetable | 90 |
Me | B | de | flatulence/food poisoning (potions) | 10 | |||||
Bauhinia | |||||||||
**Bauhinia purpurea L. [Ger her kwo] | 0.23 | 0220 | T | H | F | Fl/L | co | vegetable | 100 |
Bauhinia variegata L. [Ger her por] | 0.99 | 0981 | T | F | F | Fl | co | vegetable | 100 |
Biancaea | |||||||||
***Biancaea sappan (L.) Tod. [Khwo] | 1.07 | 0601 | T | F | F | Fr | co | vegetable | 1 |
Ma | St | cu | construction materials | 1 | |||||
Me | B/St | de | potionsanemia/puerperium | 98 | |||||
Cajanus | |||||||||
***Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. [Glae bue sa] | 1.07 | 1015 | S | H/F | F | Fr/Se | bo | snack | 87 |
Me | L | cr | scabies (liniment) | 13 | |||||
**Cajanus goensis Dalzell [Mi yor por] | 0.49 | 0761 | C | F/V | F | Fl/Fr | no | snack | 100 |
Canavalia | |||||||||
**,***Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. [Bo ba ji noe] | 0.76 | 0697 | C | H | F | Se | co | vegetable | 100 |
***Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) DC. [Bo ba per yor] | 0.18 | 1186 | C | H | F | Fr/Se | co | vegetable | 100 |
Cassia | |||||||||
Cassia fistula L. [Poe yow] | 0.78 | 0565 | T | H/V | F | L | bo | vegetable | 10 |
Ma | B | cw | soap | 1 | |||||
Me | Fr/Se | de | purgative (potions) | 89 | |||||
Crotalaria | |||||||||
**Crotalaria alata D.Don [Jae gwae po] | 0.18 | 0819 | S | F | F | Se | ro | snack | 6 |
Ma | St | dr | broom | 12 | |||||
Me | R | de | urethral stones (potions) | 63 | |||||
SU | Fl | no | worship flower for ritual | 19 | |||||
**Crotalaria albida Roth [Jae gwae po] | 0.04 | 0633 | S | F | Me | W | de | back pain (potions) | 100 |
W | de | lumbago (potions) | |||||||
**Crotalaria bracteata DC. [Jae gwae po] | 0.23 | 0677 | H | F/V | Me | W | de | back pain/lumbago (potions) | 86 |
SU | Fl | no | worship flower for ritual | 14 | |||||
*Crotalaria lejoloba Bartl. [Jae gwae po] | 0.19 | 0665 | H | F/V | F | Fr | no | vegetable | 6 |
Me | R/W | de | back pain/lumbago (potions) | 76 | |||||
SU | Fl | no | worship flower for ritual | 18 | |||||
**,***Crotalaria pallida Aiton [Jae gwae po] | 0.11 | 0760 | H | F | F | W | bo | vegetable | 10 |
Me | R | de | urethral stones (potions) | 80 | |||||
SU | Fl | no | worship flower for ritual | 10 | |||||
**Crotalaria sessiliflora L. [Jae gwae po] | 0.04 | 0634 | H | F | Me | W | de | back pain (potions) | 100 |
W | de | lumbago (potions) | |||||||
Dalbergia | |||||||||
Dalbergia cultrata Benth. [Sae klui] | 0.76 | 0659 | T | F/V | AF | L | no | cattle fodder | 1 |
F | L | bo/co | vegetable | 15 | |||||
Fu | St | cu | firewood | 2 | |||||
Ma | St | cu | construction materials | 54 | |||||
Me | St | de | diarrhea (potions) | 28 | |||||
Dalbergia ovata Benth. [To gloe boe] | 0.62 | 0766 | T | F | Me | B | no | aphthous ulcer (chew/lozenge) | 75 |
SU | B | no | chew with betel nut | 25 | |||||
Dalbergia stipulacea Roxb. [Se ja] | 0.16 | 0781 | S | F | Fu | St | cu | firewood | 7 |
Ma | St | cu | fence | 50 | |||||
Me | B | de | muscle relaxant/lumbago (potions) | 43 | |||||
Desmodium | |||||||||
Desmodium velutinum (Willd.) DC. [Nor jor bi] | 0.72 | 0695 | S | F | Me | R/W | de | back pain/lumbago (potions) | 98 |
NP | L | no | insect repellents | 2 | |||||
Dunbaria | |||||||||
Dunbaria bella Prain [Sae tor nor eu] | 0.38 | 0940 | C | F | F | Fl | bo/no | vegetable | 88 |
Me | L | de | flatulence (potions) | 12 | |||||
Entada | |||||||||
Entada rheedii Spreng. [Mi ri gae] | 1.19 | 0774 | C | F/V | F | Fl/L | bo | vegetable | 41 |
Ma | B | cw | shampoo | 31 | |||||
Me | Se | bm | cataracts in human or cattles (blow) | 26 | |||||
SU | Se | no | pray for ritual and believe | 2 | |||||
Eriosema | |||||||||
Eriosema chinense Vogel [Tii si go po] | 0.69 | 1175 | H | F | F | R | no | fruit | 57 |
Me | R | no | diarrhea (oral) | 40 | |||||
SU | R | no | chew with betel nut | 3 | |||||
Erythrina | |||||||||
Erythrina stricta Roxb. [Choe co] | 0.31 | 1037 | T | F | F | Fl/L | bo | vegetable | 50 |
Ma | St | cu | bucket | 46 | |||||
Me | Fl | co | stomachache (oral) | 4 | |||||
Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr. [Choe tee] | 0.43 | 1073 | T | F | EU | W | no | prevent soil erosion | 8 |
F | Fl/L | bo | vegetable | 56 | |||||
Ma | St | cu | bucket | 23 | |||||
Me | R | cu | anti-alcohol poisoning (put in the mouth) | 13 | |||||
Flemingia | |||||||||
Flemingia congesta Roxb. Ex W.T. Aiton [Chor ae go boe] | 0.58 | 0958 | S | F | Me | L | po | wounds (poultices) | 100 |
R/W | bo/de | fatigue/jaundice (bath/potions) | |||||||
Flemingia lineata (L.) Aiton [Chor ae go boe] | 0.18 | 1135 | S | F | Me | R | bo/de | typhoid (bath/potions) | 100 |
W | bo/de | puerperium (bath/potions) | |||||||
*Flemingia paniculata Benth. [Chor may hmo boe] | 0.48 | 0650 | S | F/V | Me | L/R | de | appetite stimulant (potions) | 100 |
W | de | jaundice (potions) | |||||||
Flemingia semialata Roxb. [Chor ae go boe] | 0.30 | 1187 | S | F | Ma | L | no | wood coloring | 15 |
Me | R/W | bo/de | fatigue/jaundice (bath/potions) | 85 | |||||
Flemingia stricta Roxb. [Ae go per] | 0.20 | 0987 | S | F | Me | L | po | lactation stimulant (liniment) | 100 |
R | de | kidney/urethral stone (potions) | |||||||
**Flemingia strobilifera (L.) W.T.Aiton [Choe gol boe/Se jor bi] | 0.22 | 1041 | S | F | Me | W | bo/de | jaundice (bath/potions) | 85 |
NP | Fl/L | no | insect repellants | 15 | |||||
Glycine | |||||||||
***Glycine max (L.) Merr. [Tor nor klee] | 1.27 | 0625 | H | A | F | Se | bo | snack/dessert | 71 |
FA | Se | sm | seasoning | 28 | |||||
Me | Se | bo | diabetes (oral) | 1 | |||||
Grona | |||||||||
Grona heterocarpon (L.) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi | 0.59 | 0686 | S | F/V | Me | W | de | back pain/lumbago (potions) | 98 |
[Sae ngee po] | SU | L | bo | herbal tea | 2 | ||||
Huangtcia | |||||||||
Huangtcia renifolia (L.) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi [Hya pa la sa bee] | 0.53 | 0898 | S | F/V | Me | R/W | de | urethral stones (potions) | 100 |
W | de | back pain/lumbago (potions) | |||||||
Hultholia | |||||||||
Hultholia mimosoides (Lam.) E. Gagnon & G. P. Lewis [Ta ner sor do] | 0.23 | 1169 | C | A/F | F | Fl/L | no | vegetable | 100 |
Indigofera | |||||||||
Indigofera caloneura Kruz [Jui tuu] | 0.03 | 1171 | S | F | Me | L | po | itching (poultices) | 100 |
R | de | lumbago (potions) | |||||||
*Indigofera hendecaphylla Jacq. [Sae ngee po] | 0.23 | 0655 | H | F/V | Me | W | de | back pain/lumbago (potions) | 100 |
W | bo | puerperium (bath) | |||||||
***Indigofera tinctoria L. [Soe ya khwo] | 0.47 | 0717 | S | H/F | F | Fl/L | bo/no | vegetable | 17 |
Ma | L | sm | fabric coloring | 40 | |||||
Me | L | po | fever (poultices) | 43 | |||||
Lablab | |||||||||
***Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet [Bo ba sa] | 1.02 | 0762 | C | A/H | F | Fr | bo/co | vegetable | 94 |
Me | R | no | toothache (chew) | 6 | |||||
Leucaena | |||||||||
***Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit [Po shui se] | 1.16 | 0520 | S | H | F | L/Se | no | vegetable | 98 |
Me | L | no | palpitation (oral) | 2 | |||||
Millettia | |||||||||
Millettia brandisiana Kruz [Ye ji dor] | 0.29 | 1168 | T | F | F | Fl/L | bo/no | vegetable | 92 |
Me | B | no | aphthous ulcers (lozenge) | 8 | |||||
Millettia caerulea Baker [Pua wua dor] | 0.50 | 0776 | C | F | F | L | bo | vegetable | 58 |
Me | L | de | purgative/urethral stone (potions) | 42 | |||||
Mimosa | |||||||||
**Mimosa diplotricha Sauvalle [Naa tor dae] | 0.02 | 0642 | H | A/V | Me | W | de | fever (potions) | 100 |
W | de | urethral stones (potions) | |||||||
Mimosa pigra L. [Nor wee mae pa doh] | 0.04 | 0599 | S | A/V | EU | W | no | fence | 50 |
F | L | co | vegetables | 25 | |||||
Me | S | de | fever (potions) | 25 | |||||
Mimosa pudica L. [Nor wee mae] | 0.40 | 0628 | H | A/V | Me | R/W | de | urethral stones (potions) | 100 |
W | bo | fever (herbal stream) | |||||||
Mucuna | |||||||||
Mucuna macrocarpa Wall. [Ri mue jue] | 0.21 | 1001 | C | F | F | Fl/L | bo | vegetable | 10 |
Ma | St | no | rope | 58 | |||||
Me | St | sm | feet pain (poultices) | 32 | |||||
Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. [Por lue sa] | 0.03 | 1016 | C | F | Me | R | de | asthma (potions) | 100 |
Pachyrhizus | |||||||||
***Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urb. [Nuaow cher] | 0.96 | 0936 | C | A | F | R | no | fruit | 100 |
Paraderris | |||||||||
Paraderris elliptica (Wallich) Adema [Glae hyu] | 0.80 | 0918 | C | F | F | Se | bo/co | vegetable | 3 |
Ma | St | no | rope | 21 | |||||
Me | R/St | po | itching (liniment) | 11 | |||||
NP | R | po | herbicide/insecticide | 10 | |||||
VP | R | po | fish poisoning | 55 | |||||
Parkia | |||||||||
**Parkia leiophylla Kruz [Se kwi mae] | 0.04 | 0130 | T | F | F | Se | no | vegetable | 100 |
Phanera | |||||||||
**Phanera ornata var. kerrii (Gagnep.) K.Larsen & S.S.Larsen [Poe na meu tu] | 0.91 | 1189 | C | F | Ma | St | no | rope | 21 |
Me | B/St | de | back pain/lumbago (potions) | 50 | |||||
SU | L | mc | cigarette paper | 29 | |||||
Phanera sp. [Poe na mue tu] | 0.66 | 0726 | C | F | Ma | St | no | rope | 25 |
Me | B/St | de | tonic (potions) | 58 | |||||
SU | L | mc | cigarette paper | 17 | |||||
Phaseolus | |||||||||
***Phaseolus vulgaris L. [Po to sa] | 0.83 | 1131 | C | A | F | F/Se | bo/co | vegetable | 100 |
Phyllodium | |||||||||
**Phyllodium longipes (Craib) Schindl. [Yo hor mae] | 0.51 | 0869 | S | F | F | L | co | vegetable | 13 |
Me | L/R | de | jaundice/puerperium (potions) | 87 | |||||
Phyllodium pulchellum (L.) Desv. [Tii si yo hor mae] | 0.34 | 0943 | S | F | Me | R/W | de | urethral stones (potions) | 68 |
NP | W | no | insect repellant | 32 | |||||
Phyllodium vestitum Benth. [Tii si yo hor mae] | 0.12 | 1188 | S | F | Me | L | de | urethral stones (potions) | 91 |
NP | L | no | insect repellant | 9 | |||||
Psophocarpus | |||||||||
***Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC. [Bo ba per wi] | 1.03 | 0858 | C | H | F | F/Se | bo | vegetable | 90 |
Me | L | po | ulcers (poultices) | 10 | |||||
Pterocarpus | |||||||||
Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kruz [Goe roe / Toe roe] | 0.71 | 0567 | T | F | F | L | co | vegetable | 2 |
Fu | St | cu | firewood | 2 | |||||
Ma | St | cu | construction materials | 71 | |||||
Me | B/E | no | toothache (chew) | 20 | |||||
NP | B/St | mi | leech repellant for cattle | 5 | |||||
Pueraria | |||||||||
Pueraria candollei var. mirifica (Airy Shaw & Suvat.) Niyomdham [Su ku pue] | 0.09 | 1038 | C | F | Me | R | de/ gr | bruises/wounds (potions/oral) | 63 |
SU | R | no | pray for rainfall or evict natural disaster | 37 | |||||
Senegalia | |||||||||
Senegalia catechu (L.f.) P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb. [Se bo blae / Se jui] | 0.67 | 1182 | T | F | Me | E | no | coughs/make teeth strong (chew) | 33 |
SU | E | no | chew with betel nut | 67 | |||||
Senegalia megaladena (Desv.) Maslin, Seigler & Ebinger [Klae kwo] | 0.53 | 0861 | C | F | Me | L/St | po/sm | itching (liniment) | 46 |
NP | B/R | sm | insecticide | 2 | |||||
VP | B/R | po | fish poisoning | 52 | |||||
Senegalia pennata (L.) Maslin [Po shui dor] | 1.07 | 1058 | C | H | F | L | co | vegetable | 94 |
Me | L | co | eyes tonic (eat) | 1 | |||||
NP | L | po | insect repellant | 3 | |||||
SU | St | no | evict the rain ritual | 2 | |||||
Senegalia rugata (Lam.) Britton & Rose [Phu che sa] | 2.39 | 1055 | S | F/V | F | F | no | fruit | 15 |
FA | L | no | sour taste seasoning | 22 | |||||
Ma | Fr | ci | soap/shampoo | 7 | |||||
Me | Fr | ci | food poisoning | 12 | |||||
SU | Fr | dr | holy water for rituals | 44 | |||||
Senna | |||||||||
***Senna alata (L.) Roxb. [Ya la moe] | 1.16 | 0971 | S | H | Me | L | bo/sm | itching (liniment) | 100 |
L/Fl | de | flatulence (potions) | |||||||
Senna hirsuta (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby [Toe si ka] | 0.22 | 0934 | S | V | F | Se | ro | snack | 15 |
Me | W | bo | fever/muscle relaxant (herbal stream) | 75 | |||||
SU | L | sm | fermented tea leave | 10 | |||||
***Senna occidentalis (L.) Link [Peor na nor dor] | 0.82 | 0923 | S | V | F | L/Fr | bo | vegetable | 82 |
Me | W | bo/de | diarrhea (oral/potions) | 18 | |||||
Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby [Sa lae de] | 0.83 | 0927 | T | V | F | Fl/L | bo | vegetable | 91 |
Me | Fl/L | bo | hypertension (oral) | 9 | |||||
Senna tora (L.) Roxb. [Nor ji koe] | 0.26 | 0924 | S | V | F | L | bo | vegetable | 48 |
Ma | S | no | broom | 4 | |||||
Me | Se | ro&ci | urethral stones (drink) | 44 | |||||
F | Se | ro | herbal tea | 4 | |||||
Tadehagi | |||||||||
Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi [Sae jo bi] | 0.74 | 0951 | S | A/F | F | R | co | vegetable | 5 |
Me | W | de | back pain/lumbago (potions) | 95 | |||||
Tamarindus | |||||||||
***Tamarindus indica L. | 3.38 | 0568 | T | H/V | F | Fr | no | fruit | 30 |
[Sae mor glae] | FA | L | co | sour taste seasoning | 27 | ||||
Fu | St | dr | fuels | 4 | |||||
Ma | St | cu | cutting board | 9 | |||||
Me | B/Fr | de/no | coughs (potions/oral) | 17 | |||||
SU | Fr | mi | make cigarette | 13 | |||||
Uraria | |||||||||
Uraria oblonga (Wall. ex Benth.) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi [Sae hui boe] | 0.64 | 0662 | S | F/V | Me | B/R | po | aphthous ulcer (chew) | 100 |
R/W | bo/de | jaundice (bath/potion) | |||||||
W | de | back pain/lumbago (potions) | |||||||
Vigna | |||||||||
*Vigna dalzelliana (Kuntze) Verdc. [Se bae mee] | 0.17 | 0651 | C | F | F | Fr/L | bo/no | vegetable | 87 |
Me | Se | ro | tonic (oral) | 13 | |||||
**,***Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper [Poe toe su] | 0.67 | 1174 | C | A | F | Se | bo/co | vegetable | 100 |
**,***Vigna radiata (L.) R.Wilczek [Se bae klee] | 0.96 | 1189 | C | A | F | Se | bo/co | vegetable | 93 |
FA | Se | sm | seasoning | 5 | |||||
SU | L | no | put on pedestal for traditional ritual | 2 | |||||
**,***Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi & H.Ohashi [Poe toe khwo] | 0.71 | 0935 | C | A/H | F | Fr/Se | bo/co | vegetable | 100 |
***Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. [Poe toe sho] | 0.94 | 0969 | C | A | F | Fr/Se | co | vegetable | 100 |
Xylia | |||||||||
Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub. [Pei] | 0.83 | 0649 | T | F | Ma | St | cu | construction materials | 31 |
Me | Fr | de | anemia (potions) | 57 | |||||
F | Fr | bo | herbal tea | 12 |
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Sutjaritjai, N.; Wangpakapattanawong, P.; Balslev, H.; Inta, A. Traditional Uses of Leguminosae among the Karen in Thailand. Plants 2019, 8, 600. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8120600
Sutjaritjai N, Wangpakapattanawong P, Balslev H, Inta A. Traditional Uses of Leguminosae among the Karen in Thailand. Plants. 2019; 8(12):600. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8120600
Chicago/Turabian StyleSutjaritjai, Natcha, Prasit Wangpakapattanawong, Henrik Balslev, and Angkhana Inta. 2019. "Traditional Uses of Leguminosae among the Karen in Thailand" Plants 8, no. 12: 600. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8120600