5-Aminolevulinic Acid and Soil Fertility Enhance the Resistance of Rosemary to Alternaria dauci and Rhizoctonia solani and Modulate Plant Biochemistry
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Vegetative Growth
2.2. Essential Oil Composition
2.3. Antioxidant Activities
2.4. Chlorophyll, Soluble Sugars, and Proline Compositions
2.5. Gas Exchange and Water Measures
2.6. Gene Expression
3. Discussion
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Plant Material, Soil Mixes, ALA Treatment, and Inoculum Preparation
4.2. Morphological Measurements
4.3. GC-MS of Essential Oil and Preparation of Leaf Extracts
4.4. Antioxidant Activities
4.5. Chlorophyll, Soluble Sugars, and Proline Compositions
4.6. Gas Exchange and Water Measures
4.7. Gene Expression
4.8. Statistical Analyses
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil Type | ALA (ppm) | 1,8-cineole RI = 1040 | Linalool RI = 1117 | Camphor RI = 1139 | Borneol RI = 1188 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(control) | A | 0 | 13.51c * | 5.32d | 11.02d | 10.68d |
B | 0 | 14.12bc | 5.49d | 11.52cd | 10.98cd | |
A | 3 | 14.0bc | 5.94c | 11.53cd | 11.21c | |
B | 3 | 14.25b | 6.23b | 11.89c | 11.43c | |
A | 5 | 15.34ab | 6.12b | 12.23b | 12.11b | |
B | 5 | 15.71a | 6.35b | 12.61b | 12.59ab | |
A | 10 | 15.82a | 7.12a | 13.19a | 12.86a | |
B | 10 | 15.91a | 7.35a | 13.76a | 12.98a | |
Alternaria dauci | A | 0 | 14.53c | 6.24d | 13.14d | 12.14b |
B | 0 | 14.92c | 6.35d | 13.35cd | 12.26b | |
A | 3 | 15.04bc | 7.46c | 13.59c | 13.34ab | |
B | 3 | 15.61b | 7.51c | 13.75c | 13.45a | |
A | 5 | 16.11ab | 8.24b | 14.22b | 13.61a | |
B | 5 | 16.61a | 8.41ab | 14.54a | 13.75a | |
A | 10 | 16.91a | 8.56a | 14.86a | 13.88a | |
B | 10 | 16.85a | 8.74a | 14.94a | 13.91a | |
Rhizoctonia solani | A | 0 | 13.23d | 5.84e | 12.02c | 11.01c |
B | 0 | 13.62c | 6.03e | 12.66c | 11.32c | |
A | 3 | 14.08c | 6.54d | 13.43b | 12.32b | |
B | 3 | 14.52bc | 6.68d | 13.79b | 12.45b | |
A | 5 | 15.04b | 7.11c | 14.31a | 12.85b | |
B | 5 | 15.64a | 7.46b | 14.46a | 13.34a | |
A | 10 | 15.81a | 7.71a | 14.64a | 13.81a | |
B | 10 | 16.14a | 8.01a | 14.84a | 13.85a |
Composition | Loam + 30% Sand | Loam | LSD p = 0.05 |
---|---|---|---|
pH EC (mmho cm−1) Water holding capacity (%) Soil organic carbon (SOC, %) | 8.1 0.954 33.5 0.41 | 8 0.986 45.1 0.52 | 0.12 0.31 2.2 0.02 |
Nitrogen (N, g ha−1) | 162 × 103 | 190 × 103 | 3.5 |
Phosphorus (P, g ha−1) | 15.69 × 103 | 18.4 × 103 | 1.2 |
Potassium (K, g ha−1) | 146.2 × 103 | 199.5 × 103 | 3.2 |
Iron (Fe, mg kg−1) | 4.1 | 4.6 | 0.1 |
Copper (Cu, mg kg−1) | 0.35 | 0.42 | 0.05 |
Zink (Zn, mg kg−1) | 3.5 | 5.1 | 0.06 |
Manganese (Mn, mg kg−1) | 2.8 | 2.9 | 0.05 |
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Elansary, H.O.; El-Ansary, D.O.; Al-Mana, F.A. 5-Aminolevulinic Acid and Soil Fertility Enhance the Resistance of Rosemary to Alternaria dauci and Rhizoctonia solani and Modulate Plant Biochemistry. Plants 2019, 8, 585. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8120585
Elansary HO, El-Ansary DO, Al-Mana FA. 5-Aminolevulinic Acid and Soil Fertility Enhance the Resistance of Rosemary to Alternaria dauci and Rhizoctonia solani and Modulate Plant Biochemistry. Plants. 2019; 8(12):585. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8120585
Chicago/Turabian StyleElansary, Hosam O., Diaa O. El-Ansary, and Fahed A. Al-Mana. 2019. "5-Aminolevulinic Acid and Soil Fertility Enhance the Resistance of Rosemary to Alternaria dauci and Rhizoctonia solani and Modulate Plant Biochemistry" Plants 8, no. 12: 585. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8120585