Plants 2015, 4(1), 44-62; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants4010044
The Utilization of Plant Facilities on the International Space Station—The Composition, Growth, and Development of Plant Cell Walls under Microgravity Conditions
1
Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Space (CIRiS), NTNU Samfunnsforskning AS, Dragvoll Allé 38, Trondheim NO-7491, Norway
2
Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
3
Department of Biology, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Realfagbygget, Trondheim NO-7491, Norway
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editor: Philip J. Harris
Received: 6 October 2014 / Revised: 27 November 2014 / Accepted: 15 December 2014 / Published: 20 January 2015
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Cell Walls: Chemical and Metabolic Analysis)
Abstract
In the preparation for missions to Mars, basic knowledge of the mechanisms of growth and development of living plants under microgravity (micro-g) conditions is essential. Focus has centered on the g-effects on rigidity, including mechanisms of signal perception, transduction, and response in gravity resistance. These components of gravity resistance are linked to the evolution and acquisition of responses to various mechanical stresses. An overview is given both on the basic effect of hypergravity as well as of micro-g conditions in the cell wall changes. The review includes plant experiments in the US Space Shuttle and the effect of short space stays (8–14 days) on single cells (plant protoplasts). Regeneration of protoplasts is dependent on cortical microtubules to orient the nascent cellulose microfibrils in the cell wall. The space protoplast experiments demonstrated that the regeneration capacity of protoplasts was retarded. Two critical factors are the basis for longer space experiments: a. the effects of gravity on the molecular mechanisms for cell wall development, b. the availability of facilities and hardware for performing cell wall experiments in space and return of RNA/DNA back to the Earth. Linked to these aspects is a description of existing hardware functioning on the International Space Station. View Full-TextKeywords:
International Space Station (ISS); microgravity; Arabidopsis thaliana; European Modular Cultivation System (EMCS); BIOLAB; cell wall; gravity resistance; hypergravity; microtubules; protoplasts
▼
Figures
Figure 1
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (CC BY 4.0).
Share & Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Jost, A.-I.K.; Hoson, T.; Iversen, T.-H. The Utilization of Plant Facilities on the International Space Station—The Composition, Growth, and Development of Plant Cell Walls under Microgravity Conditions. Plants 2015, 4, 44-62.