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Review

Cedarwood Oils: The Wood Essential Oil Compositions from Trees Known as “Cedar”

by
William N. Setzer
* and
Prabodh Satyal
Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 100, Lehi, UT 84043, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Plants 2026, 15(4), 659; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040659
Submission received: 21 January 2026 / Revised: 11 February 2026 / Accepted: 18 February 2026 / Published: 21 February 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemistry)
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Abstract

In addition to the true cedars (Cedrus species), there are several genera of trees commonly called “cedar”, including species of Callitropsis, Calocedrus, Cedrela, Chamaecyparis, Cryptomeria, Cupressus, Juniperus, Thuja, and Widdringtonia. The wood essential oils (cedarwood oils) of these trees have been used as flavor and fragrance materials, as well as in medicinal applications. In this study, we present summaries of the wood essential oils from trees known as “cedar”. A literature search was carried out on cedarwood oils and, when available, compared with commercial wood essential oils from the Aromatic Plant Research Center (APRC) collection. Cedrus wood oils are generally dominated by the himachalenes and atlantones. Sesquiterpenoids are abundant in other cedarwood oils, including cedrenes, cedrol, and thujopsene in Cupressus funebris, Juniperus ashei, and Juniperus virginiana. Cadinane sesquiterpenoids are generally abundant in Cedrela odorata and Cryptomeria japonica, while nootkatane sesquiterpenoids are found in Callitropsis nootkatensis and eudesmane sesquiterpenoids are found in Thuja occidentalis. Sesquiterpenoids are generally responsible for the woody fragrances of cedarwood oils, but monoterpenoids can also be dominant (e.g., Calocedrus species).

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Essential oils, the volatile components of plants, can be derived from different plant tissues, including leaves, e.g., tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel) oil, rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus Spenn.) oil, and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) oil; flowers, e.g., rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) oil, clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry) oil, and ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson) oil; fruits, e.g., juniper (Juniperus communis L.) oil; fruit rinds, e.g., bergamot (Citrus bergamia (Risso) Risso & Poit.) oil and lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck) oil; seeds, e.g., anise (Illicium verum Hook.f.) oil and caraway (Carum carvi L.) oil; roots, e.g., calamus (Acorus calamus L.) oil, ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) oil, and valerian (Valeriana jatamansi Jones) oil; bark, e.g., cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) oil and sweet birch (Betula lenta L.) oil; or resin, e.g., copaiba (Copaifera epunctata Amshoff) oil, frankincense (Boswellia carteri Birdw.) oil, and myrrh (Commiphora myrrha (T. Nees) Engl.) oil. However, the heartwood of trees can also be a source of essential oils. Some of the more common wood essential oils are listed below.
Rosewood essential oil is steam-distilled from the wood of Aniba rosaeodora Ducke or Aniba duckei Kosterm. and is a valuable essential oil in perfumery, as well as folk medicine [1] and aromatherapy [2]. There has been some debate in the botanical literature as to whether A. rosaeodora and A. duckei (syn. A. rosaeodora var. amazonica Ducke) are separate species [3]. Both species occur in the Amazon region of South America, ranging along the Amazon drainage basin from Loreto, Peru, east to Amapá, Brazil. Rosewood oil is dominated by the monoterpenoid alcohol linalool (75–99%) [4,5], and that compound accounts for its value as a perfume ingredient, as well as its physiological properties. Rosewood oil has been shown to reduce anxiety [2], induce sedation [6] and reduce blood pressure and heart rate [1]. However, because of over-harvesting, the tree is endangered, and alternatives to rosewood oil have been emerging [3].
Sandalwood essential oil is obtained by steam distillation of the heartwood of East Indian sandalwood, Santalum album L. This tree is a root parasite that burrows its roots into nearby trees during the early part of its development (around seven years). Heartwood formation in S. album occurs only after about 30 years, so generally only trees > 60 cm diameter are harvested [7]. The use of sandalwood is documented in Sanskrit manuscripts more than 4000 years old. The oil is used extensively in perfumery, as well as medicinally [7]. The most important constituents of East Indian sandalwood oil are α-santalol (40–47%), β-santalol (18–21%), and trans-α-bergamotol (6–9%) [8,9]. α-Santalol has been described as having a slightly woody odor, while β-santalol is more potent with woody, musky, animal qualities [10]. Because of over-harvesting, cheaper alternative sources for East Indian sandalwood oil have been emerging, as well as adulteration of “sandalwood oil”. Alternatives to East Indian sandalwood oil include Santalum spicatum (R.Br.) A.DC. from West Australia, Santalum austrocaledonicum Vieill. from New Caledonia [8], and Santalum paniculatum Hook. & Arn. from Hawaii [11]. S. spicatum oil is not considered an appropriate substitute for S. album oil [8]; S. spicatum oil only contains 10–22% α-santalol and 4–8% β-santalol [12,13].
Cedarwood essential oils are typically produced by steam-distilling the woods of several different species of junipers (Juniperus spp.), cypresses (Cupressus spp.), or true cedars (Cedrus spp.). The true cedars are members of the Cedrus genus (Pinaceae), although several other genera (e.g., Juniperus, Cupressus, and Chamaecyparis) include species that are referred to as “cedar” in common nomenclature. The purpose of this review is to examine the essential oil compositions of wood essential oils from trees commonly called “cedar” (Table 1).
Callitropsis nootkatensis (D. Don) Oerst. (Cupressaceae) is native to northwestern North America, from coastal Alaska, south through coastal British Columbia, through the Cascades of Washington and Oregon, and barely reaching northern California [14]. Three essential oil samples have been reported, and two commercial essential oils are reported in Table 2. The chemical structures are shown in Figure 1. Based on the limited number of samples, there are apparently two chemotypes based on the wood essential oil compositions, a carvacrol-rich chemotype and a nootkatene-rich chemotype. The heartwood essential oil of C. nootkatensis (rich in nootkatone, valencene-11,12-diol, carvacrol, and nootkatol) has shown antifungal activity against the plant pathogenic fungus Phytophthora ramorum (strongly inhibitory at a concentration of 10,000 mg/kg) [15]. In addition, nootkatin and valencene-11,12-diol, isolated from C. nootkatensis, showed strong (EC50 10 ppm) and moderate (EC50 66 ppm) inhibition, respectively, of P. ramorum [16]. The major components of C. nootkatensis wood essential oil (carvacrol, valencene, nootkatene, nootkatone, valencen-13-ol, and nootkatol) have shown notable pesticidal activity against the rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis), the deer tick (Ixodes scapularis), and the yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti) [17]. For example, the major component nootkatene showed 24-h LC50 values of 170, 110, and 270 ppm, respectively.
Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin (Cupressaceae), the California incense cedar, is native to the montane forests from Oregon through California and into Baja California, Mexico [14]. The heartwood essential oil of C. decurrens has been analyzed and showed thymoquinone (35.9%), carvacrol (29.2%), and p-methoxythymol (11.0%) to be the major components [21] (Figure 2). The heartwood essential oil (composition not reported) has shown biocidal activities to nymphal ticks (Ixodes scapularis) (24-h LC50 = 96 ppm), adult fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis) (24-h LC50 = 240 ppm), and adult mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) (24-h LC50 = 5 ppm) [22]. Carvacrol showed pesticidal activities with 24-h LC50 values of 68, 59, and 51 ppm against those organisms, respectively [17].
Calocedrus formosana (Florin) Florin (Cupressaceae) is native to the mountains of northern Taiwan [23]. The major components in the wood essential oil of C. formosana were α-terpineol (23.5%), terpinen-4-ol (12.2%), shonanic acid (10.5%), and thymol (5.3%) [24] (Figure 3). The wood essential oil (composition not reported) showed anti-termitic activity against Coptotermes formosanus with a 24-h LC50 of 2600 ppm [25].
Cedrela odorata L. (Meliaceae), Spanish cedar, is native to the Neotropics (Mexico, through Central America, into South America, including the West Indies [26]. There have been a few reports on the wood essential oil of C. odorata from different geographical locations (Table 3). The essential oils are dominated by sesquiterpenoids (Figure 4), but there is clearly variation in the essential oil compositions based on geographical location of the source trees.
Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Manetti ex Carrière (Pinaceae), the Atlas cedar, is native to the Rif and Atlas Mountains of North Africa, especially Algeria and Morocco [30]. A total of 48 commercial essential oil samples from the collection of the Aromatic Plant Research Center (APRC) were used to evaluate the major components. The major components in the commercial wood essential oil components of C. atlantica are α-himachalene (15.3 ± 1.8%), γ-himachalene (9.9 ± 0.9%), β-himachalene (40.3 ± 4.9%), (E)-γ-atlantone (1.9 ± 2.0%), and (E)-α-atlantone (5.4 ± 3.4%) (Figure 5). Several published reports on C. atlantica wood essential oils mirror these compositional profiles, but many do not (see Table 4). Atlas cedar wood essential oil has shown antibacterial activity [31,32,33,34] (e.g., MIC of 400 ppm against Escherichia coli and 200 ppm against Bacillus subtilis [34]), weak antifungal activity against wood rot fungi Gloeophyllum trabeum (MIC = 1000 ppm), Oligoporus placenta (MIC = 2500 ppm), Coniophora puteana (MIC = 2500 ppm), and Trametes versicolor (MIC = 1250 ppm) [35]; anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in rodent models [36,37], and in vitro cytotoxic activity on A375 human melanoma and HT-29 colorectal carcinoma cell lines [38].
Cedrus brevifolia (Hook.f.) Elwes & A. Henry (Pinaceae) is endemic to the island of Cyprus (eastern Mediterranean) [48]. Apparently, only one study on the wood essential oil has been published [49]; the major components in the heartwood essential were α-himachalene (17.3%), γ-himachalene (15.0%), β-himachalene (22.0%), α-dehydro-ar-himachalene (5.2%), γ-dehydro-ar-himachalene (2.0%), β-himachalene oxide (7.0%), and himachalol (10.5%) (Figure 6).
Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) G. Don (Pinaceae), Deodar cedar, is native to the western Himalayas (eastern Afghanistan, northern and northwestern Pakistan, north and central India, southwestern Tibet, and western Nepal) [50]. Several reviews of the phytochemistry and pharmacology of C. deodara have been published [50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58]. A compilation of 43 wood essential oil samples from commercial sources in the APRC collection shows compositions to be similar to those of C. atlantica with the major components α-himachalene, γ-himachalene, β-himachalene, (Z)-γ-atlantone, (E)-γ-atlantone, (Z)-α-atlantone, and (E)-α-atlantone (Table 5, Figure 7). Two published reports on the wood essential oils of C. deodara are in close agreement [59,60]. The wood essential oil of C. deodara has shown in vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory (rodent model), in vivo antispasmodic (feline model, attributed to himachalol), molluscicidal (100% lethality against Lymnaea auricularia at 20 ppm), and insecticidal activities (Callosobruchus analis and Musca domestica, attributed to himachalol and β-himachalene) [50,55].
Cedrus libani (L.) A. Rich. (Pinaceae). The natural range of C. libani is southern Türkiye and the coastal Mediterranean in Syria and Lebanon [61]. Some reviews have appeared on the chemical composition and biological activities of C. libani [61,62,63], and there have been several reports on the chemical compositions of C. libani collected from Türkiye and from Lebanon (Table 6). The major components of C. libani wood essential oil are α-himachalene (7.1–12.8%), γ-himachalene (4.4–9.1%), β-himachalene (8.1–38.2%), himachalol (1.2–43.1%), and (E)-α-atlantone (0.8–19.7%). The structures are depicted in Figure 6 and Figure 7. The wood essential oil showed antibacterial activity (zone-of-inhibition assay) against the Gram-positive organisms Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis (but was inactive against Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), antifungal activity against Candida albicans; cytotoxic activity against A375 (human melanoma, IC50 = 20.2 ppm) and MDA-MB-231 (human breast adenocarcinoma, IC50 = 54.1 ppm) cells [64], and antiviral activity against the herpes simplex virus type 1 (IC50 = 440 ppm) [65].
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murray bis) Parl. (Cupressaceae) is found naturally growing in an area of coastal Oregon into northern California [67]. There are three reports on the wood volatiles of C. lawsoniana [16,68,69] (Table 7, Figure 8). Clearly, there are not enough data available to adequately describe the wood essential oil of C. lawsoniana; additional research on this material is necessary.
Cryptomeria japonica (Thunb. ex L.) D. Don (Cupressaceae), the Japanese cedar, is native to Japan [70] but is extensively cultivated in plantations in China and the Azores [71]. The wood essential oils from C. japonica have been obtained from Japan, as well as from the Azores (Table 8). Although there are notable quantitative differences in the compositions, the major components are generally epi-cubebol, cubebol, δ-cadinene, and β+α-eudesmol. The major components of the wood essential oil are shown in Figure 9. Japanese cedar wood essential oil has demonstrated antifungal activity against Laetiporus sulphureus (IC50 = 39 ppm), Collectotrichum gloeosporioides (IC50 = 80 ppm), Ganoderma australe (IC50 = 110 ppm), Rhizoctonia solani (IC50 = 65 ppm) [72], Trichophyton rubrum (MIC = 313 ppm) [73], and Aspergillus fumigatus (MIC, 312–1250 ppm) [74], and has been suggested to maintain mental health in women involved in monotonous work [75,76].
Cupressus funebris Endl. (Cupressaceae) predominantly grows in southern China, especially eastern Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, and western Hubei provinces [80]. The wood volatiles from C. funebris have shown wide variation, but the major components reported are α-cedrene, β-cedrene, cis-thujopsene, cuparene, and cedrol (Table 9, Figure 10). Adams and Li have pointed out that there are problems with the taxonomic identification of C. funebris and that commercial “Chinese cedar oil” may be contaminated with wood from other members of the Cupressaceae [81]. Commercial C. funebris wood oil has demonstrated tick repellent activity (Amblyomma americanum, EC95 = 0.465 mg/cm2 on filter paper) and mosquito larvicidal activity (Aedes aegypti, LC50 = 263 ppm) [82].
Juniperus ashei J. Buchholz (Cupressaceae). Central Texas is the main locus of J. ashei, but there are also populations in northern Mexico, Oklahoma, and Arkansas [84]. The main components in the wood essential oil of J. ashei are α-cedrene, β-cedrene, cis-thujopsene, and cedrol (Table 10, Figure 10). Texas cedar wood oil was screened for antibacterial activity [85] and for wound-healing activity [86], but was inactive.
Juniperus virginiana L. (Cupressaceae). The natural range of eastern red cedar is the eastern United States from Michigan, south to Florida, and west to Oklahoma and Kansas [87,88]. A total of 56 commercial wood essential oils from J. virginiana have been analyzed at the Aromatic Plant Research Center (APRC). The major components based on the analyses are α-cedrene (31.8 ± 3.8%), β-cedrene (5.8 ± 0.6%), cis-thujopsene (19.4 ± 1.5%), widdrol (11.1 ± 2.5%), and cedrol (13.4 ± 2.2%) (Figure 11). Zhang and Rao analyzed a commercial J. virginiana sample from France and found a comparable composition with α-cedrene (28.1%), β-cedrene (7.8%), cis-thujopsene (17.7%), and cedrol (24.6%), but widdrol was not detected [89]. Adams analyzed J. virginiana wood essential oil and found it to have a composition of α-cedrene (27.2%), β-cedrene (7.7%), thujopsene (27.6%), and cedrol (15.8%) [83]. Widdrol was relatively low (1.0%), but cuparene was a major component (6.3%). The commercial samples from APRC showed cuparene to be relatively minor (1.2 ± 0.3%). The wood essential oil of J. virginiana has exhibited in vivo anti-inflammatory and wound-healing activities (rodent model) [86]. The wood essential oil has also shown in vivo anxiolytic activity (rodent model) [89], which has been attributed to the major constituent cedrol [90]. Cedrol has demonstrated a number of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, antifungal, cytotoxic, antimelanogenic, analgesic, and neuroprotective activities, as well as alleviating cerebral ischemia, promoting hair growth [91], and alleviating age-induced cognitive impairment [92].
Thuja occidentalis L. (Cupressaceae) ranges broadly across southeastern Canada and northeastern United States, but there is a disjunct range extending south into Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee [93]. The phytochemical and pharmacological properties of the foliage of T. occidentalis have been reviewed, but the wood essential oils were not included in the reviews [94,95,96]. However, the wood essential oil of T. occidentalis has been obtained and analyzed by Weyerstahl et al. [97] and by Andersen et al. [98] (Table 11, Figure 12).
Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don (Cupressaceae). The major components of T. plicata wood essential oil, based on seven samples of commercial essential oil in the APRC collection, are terpinen-4-ol (3.8 ± 2.0%), α-terpineol (2.5 ± 0.8%), methyl myrtenate (4.2 ± 1.2%), and methyl thujate (54.1 ± 7.0%). There have been two reports on the volatiles from T. plicata wood. Manter and co-workers extracted the heartwood of T. plicata with ethyl acetate and analyzed the extract by GC-MS and found thujic acid (39.9%), nezukone (16.7%), and hinokitiol (6.7%) to be the major volatile components in the extract [16]. Mellouk et al. carried out a steam distillation of T. plicata wood, but reported plicatic acid (a polyphenolic lignan, C18H20O9, MW 380.35) to be the major component [99]. This compound is unlikely to be volatile enough to be detected by GC-MS.
Widdringtonia Endl. Species. There are four Widdringtonia species, all endemic to southern Africa, Widdringtonia nodiflora (L.) Powrie (mountain cedar), Widdringtonia schwarzii (Marloth) Mast. (Willowmore cedar), Widdringtonia wallichii Endl. (syn. Widdringtonia cedarbergensis J.A. Marsh, Clanwilliam cedar), and Widdringtonia whytei Rendle (Mulanje cypress) [100]. The major wood essential oil components of W. nodiflora, W. schwartzii, and W. whytei are summarized in Table 12 and Figure 13. The wood essential oil of W. nodiflora showed acaricidal activity against several species of ticks, with LC50 values in the range of 15.5–39.8 ppm [100].

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Literature Search

A literature search was carried out using several scientific databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Search terms included the following keywords: Callitropsis nootkatensis, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Xanthocyparis nootkatensis, Calocedrus decurrens, Calocedrus formosana, Calocedrus macrolepis, Cedrela odorata, Cedrus atlantica, Cedrus brevifolia, Cedrus deodara, Cedrus libani, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Cryptomeria japonica, Cupressus funebris, Juniperus ashei, Juniperus procera, Juniperus virginiana, Thuja occidentalis, Thuja plicata, Widdringtonia, cedarwood, essential oil. Plant taxonomy was validated using the World Flora Online database [103]. Chemical structures were verified using the Dictionary of Natural Products [104], PubChem [105], and NIST Chemistry WebBook [106].

2.2. Essential Oil Analysis

Commercial essential oil samples from the Aromatic Plant Research Center (APRC) collection were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry using a Shimadzu GC-MS-QP2010 Ultra (Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Columbia, MD, USA), equipped with a Zebron ZB-5ms fused silica capillary column (60 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm film thickness) (Phenomenex, Torrance, CA, USA), helium carrier gas, 2.0 mL/min flow rate, injection and ion source temperatures 260 °C; GC oven program 50 °C to 260 °C at 2.0 °C/min; 0.1 μL of a 5% (w/v) sample of essential oil in dichloromethane injected, split mode, 24.5:1 split ratio.

3. Conclusions

This report summarizes the cedarwood essential oil compositions of several different “cedar” species. Interestingly, there are notable differences in the wood essential oils of the “cedar” trees. The true cedars (Cedrus species, Pinaceae) are dominated by himachalane and bisabolane sesquiterpenoids. There are subtle differences, however, between C. atlantica and C. deodara. In C. atlantica, the atlantones are typically very low, whereas in C. deodara, atlantones usually account for at least 20% of the total composition. Cedrus deodara generally contains < 40% β-himachalene, while C. atlantica typically exceeds 40%. There are subtle differences in the aroma profiles of C. atlantica and C. deodara, but they are very similar. Because of the higher price and rarity of C. atlantica, it is frequently adulterated with C. deodara. Cupressus, Juniperus, and Widdringtonia species (Cupressaceae) are rich in cedrane and thujopsane sesquiterpenoids. Other genera from the Cupressaceae have different essential oil profiles: Callitropsis (nootkatane sesquiterpenoids), Calocedrus (menthane monoterpenoids), Chamaecyparis (camphane monoterpenoids and cadinane sesquiterpenoids), and Cryptomeria (cadinane and eudesmane sesquiterpenoids). Cedrela (Meliaceae, not a gymnosperm) is rich in cadinane sesquiterpenoids. The information provided in this review should be valuable to companies interested in using cedarwood oils as flavor or fragrance materials; in the fine fragrance and aroma chemical industry (highest total volume), as an industrial fragrance and derivatives, personal care, household/insect control, and in aromatherapy (smallest volume, but high value). In addition, the compositions may help to avoid erroneous analyses, select ideal geographical sources, and avoid cedarwood oils adulterated or contaminated with other tree species. However, there are several “cedar” species that require additional research in order to more confidently describe the wood essential oil compositions. There are serious gaps in research regarding the essential oil characterizations of Calocedrus decurrens (only one analysis reported), Calocedrus formosana (only one analysis reported), Cedrela odorata (only four reliable samples reported), Cedrus brevifolia (only one sample reported), Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (only one essential oil report), Thuja occidentalis (only two samples reported from the 1990s), and Widdringtonia species (only one sample each of four species reported). It is important to point out that solvent extracts, including supercritical CO2 extracts, are not essential oils. Cedarwood essential oils, in this sense, are obtained by steam distillation or hydrodistillation, thus indicating the need for additional essential oil analyses. As additional essential oil compositional data are obtained, different chemotypes can be defined, “standard” compositions (analogous to ISO standards) can be described, and anomalous components can be identified and perhaps categorized as contaminant or adulterant marker compounds. There is an opportunity for additional screening for the biological activity of cedarwood oils, which may reveal new and important agricultural and medicinal uses.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, W.N.S. and P.S.; methodology, W.N.S. and P.S.; formal analysis, W.N.S. and P.S.; investigation, W.N.S. and P.S.; data curation, W.N.S.; writing—original draft preparation, W.N.S.; writing—review and editing, W.N.S. and P.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

All data will be made available upon reasonable request.

Acknowledgments

This work was carried out as part of the activities of the Aromatic Plant Research Center (APRC, https://aromaticplant.org/, accessed on 13 November 2025).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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  106. National Institute of Standards and Technology. NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Available online: https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/ (accessed on 17 January 2026).
Plants 15 00659 g001
Figure 1. Major components in the wood essential oil of Callitropsis nootkatensis.
Figure 1. Major components in the wood essential oil of Callitropsis nootkatensis.
Plants 15 00659 g001
Plants 15 00659 g002
Figure 2. Major components in the wood essential oil of Calocedrus decurrens.
Figure 2. Major components in the wood essential oil of Calocedrus decurrens.
Plants 15 00659 g002
Plants 15 00659 g003
Figure 3. Major components in the wood essential oil of Calocedrus formosana.
Figure 3. Major components in the wood essential oil of Calocedrus formosana.
Plants 15 00659 g003
Plants 15 00659 g004
Figure 4. Major components in the wood essential oil of Cedrela odorata.
Figure 4. Major components in the wood essential oil of Cedrela odorata.
Plants 15 00659 g004
Plants 15 00659 g005
Figure 5. Major components in the wood essential oil of Cedrus atlantica.
Figure 5. Major components in the wood essential oil of Cedrus atlantica.
Plants 15 00659 g005
Plants 15 00659 g006
Figure 6. Major components in the wood essential oil of Cedrus brevifolia.
Figure 6. Major components in the wood essential oil of Cedrus brevifolia.
Plants 15 00659 g006
Plants 15 00659 g007
Figure 7. Major components in the wood essential oil of Cedrus deodara.
Figure 7. Major components in the wood essential oil of Cedrus deodara.
Plants 15 00659 g007
Plants 15 00659 g008aPlants 15 00659 g008b
Figure 8. Major volatile components reported in the wood of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana.
Figure 8. Major volatile components reported in the wood of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana.
Plants 15 00659 g008aPlants 15 00659 g008b
Plants 15 00659 g009
Figure 9. Major components in the wood essential oil of Cryptomeria japonica.
Figure 9. Major components in the wood essential oil of Cryptomeria japonica.
Plants 15 00659 g009
Plants 15 00659 g010
Figure 10. Major components in the wood essential oil of Cupressus funebris.
Figure 10. Major components in the wood essential oil of Cupressus funebris.
Plants 15 00659 g010
Plants 15 00659 g011
Figure 11. Major components in the wood essential oil of Juniperus virginiana.
Figure 11. Major components in the wood essential oil of Juniperus virginiana.
Plants 15 00659 g011
Plants 15 00659 g012
Figure 12. Major components in the wood essential oil of Thuja occidentalis.
Figure 12. Major components in the wood essential oil of Thuja occidentalis.
Plants 15 00659 g012
Plants 15 00659 g013
Figure 13. Major components in the wood essential oil of Widdringtonia species.
Figure 13. Major components in the wood essential oil of Widdringtonia species.
Plants 15 00659 g013
Table 1. The “cedar” trees covered in this review.
Table 1. The “cedar” trees covered in this review.
Tree SpeciesCommon Name
Callitropsis nootkatensis (D. Don) Oerst. (syn. Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach, Xanthocyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Farjon & D.K. Harder)Alaska cedar
Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) FlorinCalifornia incense cedar
Calocedrus formosana (Florin) Florin (syn. Calocedrus macrolepis var. formosana (Florin) W.C. Cheng & L.K. Fu)Taiwan incense cedar
Cedrela odorata L.Spanish cedar
Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Manetti ex CarrièreAtlas cedar
Cedrus brevifolia (Hook.f.) Elwes & A. Henry (syn. Cedrus libani var. brevifolia Hook.f.)Cyprian cedar
Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) G. DonDeodara cedar
Cedrus libani (L.) A. Rich.Cedar of Lebanon
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murray bis) Parl.Port Orford cedar
Cryptomeria japonica (Thunb. ex L.) D. DonJapanese cedar
Cupressus funebris Endl.Chinese cedar
Juniperus ashei J. BuchholzTexas cedar
Juniperus virginiana L.Eastern red cedar
Thuja occidentalis L.Northern white cedar
Thuja plicata Donn ex D. DonWestern red cedar
Widdringtonia Endl. species
Table 2. Wood essential oil compositions (percentages) of Callitropsis nootkatensis (D. Don) Oerst.
Table 2. Wood essential oil compositions (percentages) of Callitropsis nootkatensis (D. Don) Oerst.
CompoundsXiong 2000 aLiu 2009 bKhasawneh et al., 2011 cCommercial 2016 dCommercial 2020 d
Carvacrol27.212.535.47.39.1
Valencene2.52.81.57.26.9
Nootkatene13.317.320.148.446.9
Nootkatol5.7tr e5.2nd f0.4
Valencen-13-ol5.66.46.43.13.5
Nootkatone12.99.717.43.04.6
Nootkatinxtal g3.13.50.20.8
a Yeping Xiong MS Thesis 2000 [18], b Xinfeng Liu MS Thesis 2009 [19], c Khasawneh et al., 2011 [20]. d Commercial essential oil sample from the collection of the Aromatic Plant Research Center (APRC), e tr = trace (< 0.05%), f nd = not detected. g Compound crystallized from the oil.
Table 3. Major components (percentages) reported in the wood essential oil of Cedrela odorata L.
Table 3. Major components (percentages) reported in the wood essential oil of Cedrela odorata L.
CompoundsBrazil [27]Nigeria [28]Costa Rica [26]Colombia [26]
α-Cubebene8.0ndtrtr0.3
α-Copaene15.60.70.30.21.3
α-Cedrenend17.6ndndnd
β-Gurjunene (Calarene)3.4nd5.55.7nd
trans-α-Bergamotene2.75.6ndndtr
α-Curcumenend12.3 andndnd
β-Curcumene6.8nd13.012.82.2
δ-Cadinene11.7nd26.026.353.2
(E)-Nerolidol8.09.2 b1.21.1nd
γ-Eudesmolnd8.8ndnd0.1
α-Cadinol1.5nd4.75.02.7
α-Eudesmolnd5.4 cndndnd
β-Bisabolol0.511.0 d1.21.3tr
nd = not detected. tr = trace. a Identification probably incorrect; reported RI = 1524, but RI from Adams [29] = 1479. b Reported as (Z)-nerolidol, but based on RI, this is most likely (E)-nerolidol. c Identification probably incorrect; reported RI = 1598, but RI from Adams [29] = 1652. d Identification probably incorrect; reported RI = 1619, but RI from Adams [29] = 1674.
Table 4. Major wood essential oil components (percentages) of Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Manetti ex Carrière.
Table 4. Major wood essential oil components (percentages) of Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Manetti ex Carrière.
SourceRef.α-
Himachalene		γ-
Himachalene		β-
Himachalene		(E)-γ-
Atlantone		(E)-α-
Atlantone		Others
Morocco[39]11.67.533.82.512.1
Morocco[36]15.812.150.90.03.7
Algeria[31]15.011.231.60.00.0
Algeria[40]2.12.33.70.91.628.1% himachalol
Morocco[41]15.510.642.92.12.5
Morocco[35]14.41.029.019.716.911.7% iso-cedranol
Morocco[42]12.28.527.70.00.09.4% himachalol
Morocco[42]16.711.344.20.00.04.5% 6-camphenol
Commercial[37]16.610.446.40.90.0
Morocco[32]10.96.933.81.911.2
Commercial[43]14.69.339.40.84.0
Morocco[43]10.88.319.71.110.1
Morocco[44]11.40.526.70.06.07.8% 6-camphenol
Corsica[45]0.90.91.70.00.355.0% α-pinene
Corsica[45]6.05.57.60.02.048.8% himachalol
Lebanon[46]8.014.07.01.50.046.3% himachalol
Lebanon[46]6.115.86.62.30.942.2% himachalol
Morocco[33]5.74.814.60.028.87.1% himachalol, 4.4% deodarone
Commercial[47]12.78.333.51.36.2
Morocco[34]5.13.315.10.019.313.1% 8-cedren-13-ol
Romania[38]16.813.039.20.00.0
Table 5. Major components (percentages) reported in the wood essential oil of Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) G. Don.
Table 5. Major components (percentages) reported in the wood essential oil of Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) G. Don.
CompoundsCommercial
(APRC Collection) a		Chaudhary et al.
[59]		Kala et al.
[60]
α-Himachalene13.6 ± 2.117.115.4
γ-Himachalene8.7 ± 1.112.67.4
β-Himachalene34.8 ± 3.838.819.9
(Z)-γ-Atlantone4.0 ± 1.42.35.1
(E)-γ-Atlantone4.7 ± 1.52.45.4
(Z)-α-Atlantone2.5 ± 0.61.43.4
(E)-α-Atlantone11.2 ± 3.18.614.0
a Averages and standard deviations based on 43 essential oils.
Table 6. Major wood essential oil components (percentages) of Cedrus libani (L.) A. Rich.
Table 6. Major wood essential oil components (percentages) of Cedrus libani (L.) A. Rich.
CompoundsGeographical Location
Antalya,
Türkiye [66]		Tarsus,
Türkiye [66]		Fethiye,
Türkiye [66]		Tanourine,
Lebanon [46]		Tanourine,
Lebanon [65]		Tanourine,
Lebanon [64]
α-Himachalene12.811.54.97.110.59.6
γ-Himachalene7.66.84.47.09.15.9
β-Himachalene38.234.38.111.921.919.0
6,7-Epoxyhimachalenendnd7.50.1nd1.3
Himachalol1.28.819.743.122.57.0 a
(Z)-γ-Atlantone1.10.40.3nd1.74.4
(E)-γ-Atlantone1.00.50.3nd1.73.6
(Z)-α-Atlantone1.12.11.9nd2.14.6
(E)-α-Atlantone7.814.819.70.90.819.3
nd = not detected. a Reported as α-acorenol, but probably himachalol.
Table 7. Major components (percentages) in the wood volatiles of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murray bis) Parl.
Table 7. Major components (percentages) in the wood volatiles of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murray bis) Parl.
Compounds[68] a[16] b[69] c
α-Pinene6.5nrnr
Fenchone4.7nr7.4
α-Fenchol5.51.311.1
Camphor5.9nr9.9
Borneolnr2.112.2
α-Terpineol14.38.629.5
α-Muurolene4.26.6nr
δ-Cadinene8.217.0nr
τ-Muurolol2.719.7nr
α-Cadinol5.321.4nr
a Commercial essential oils. b Ethyl acetate extract (not an essential oil). c Incomplete analysis (there are peaks corresponding to monoterpenes, but the concentrations were not reported; there are peaks corresponding to sesquiterpenoids, but the concentrations were not reported). nr = not reported.
Table 8. Major components (percentages) in the wood essential oils of Cryptomeria japonica (Thunb. ex L.) D. Don.
Table 8. Major components (percentages) in the wood essential oils of Cryptomeria japonica (Thunb. ex L.) D. Don.
CompoundsGeographical Location
Kitayama, Japan [70]Shimane, Japan [73]Shimane, Japan [77]Nara, Japan [73]Kitayama, Japan [75]Commercial, Japan [71]Okayama, Japan [74]Okayama, Japan [74]Okayama, Japan [74]Azores [78] aAzores [78] aAzores [79]
α-Cubebene0.80.10.23.00.82.112.810.510.00.1–0.4tr-0.40.2
epi-Cubebol18.0ndndnd16.4nd4.94.53.74.1–26.912.3–21.24.7
α-Muurolene6.52.73.09.36.58.50.1tr0.12.0–3.31.5–2.90.5
Cubebol16.4nd0.3nd18.0nd5.04.44.32.7–39.914.6–33.86.8
δ-Cadinene21.413.916.825.921.422.8tr0.10.16.2–10.86.4–10.96.4
trans-Cadina-1,4-dienend0.6ndndndnd9.37.57.20.5–1.60.6–1.00.7
α-Elemolnd3.42.8nd1.56.70.10.60.41.7–14.11.8–9.22.6
1,10-di-epi-Cubenol5.8ndndnd5.8ndndndnd5.5–17.24.0–18.40.1
1-epi-Cubenol3.824.723.3nd3.87.96.34.54.4ndnd10.7
Cubenolnd12.511.66.3nd4.64.93.33.5ndndnd
τ-Cadinolndndnd0.5nd1.8ndndnd1.1–3.91.0–3.98.2
α-Muurolol (δ-Cadinol)1.15.44.63.81.13.6ndndndndnd4.3
α-Cadinolndndndndndnd1.1nd2.0tr-5.2tr-4.0nd
β+α-Eudesmol3.211.29.87.13.29.70.34.11.73.1–16.84.9–11.813.5
Abietadiene1.00.30.4nd1.0nd13.78.29.8ndnd0.5
Sandaracopimarinalnd1.01.7ndndnd3.26.05.90.2–0.50.2–1.63.0
Sandaracopimarinolndndndndndnd13.717.117.6tr-0.5tr-2.05.5
trans-Ferruginolndndndndndnd11.310.610.2tr-0.50.1–1.23.6
a Ranges from 5 individual trees from two different populations from Faial Island. nd = not detected. tr = trace.
Table 9. Major components (percentages) in the wood essential oils of Cupressus funebris Endl.
Table 9. Major components (percentages) in the wood essential oils of Cupressus funebris Endl.
Compounds[83] a[81] b[81] c[82] dAPRC e
α-Cedrene26.43.41.80.72.222.2 ± 10.716.918.110.7
β-Cedrene9.21.92.10.30.86.7 ± 2.35.75.03.2
cis-Thujopsene29.92.30.81.418.727.4 ± 10.7nd29.610.5
Cuparene3.4nd0.30.52.44.2 ± 2.45.44.429.4
Cedrol9.643.954.672.845.013.8 ± 6.67.618.87.1
a Source not indicated. b Pentane extracts of C. funebris wood samples. c Commercial “Chinese cedar wood oil” (ave. ± st. dev.). d Commercial essential oil. e Commercial essential oils from the Aromatic Plant Research Center (APRC) collection. nd = not detected.
Table 10. Major components (percentages) in the wood essential oils of Juniperus ashei J. Buchholz.
Table 10. Major components (percentages) in the wood essential oils of Juniperus ashei J. Buchholz.
Compounds[83] a[85] b[86] cAPRC d
α-Cedrene30.78.60.712.511.413.310.6
β-Cedrene5.53.41.13.43.32.62.7
cis-Thujopsene25.038.440.736.238.638.539.8
Cedrol19.128.937.230.329.423.127.3
a Source not indicated. b Commercial essential oil, “cedarwood oil from Texas” obtained from Kurt Kitzing GmbH, Wallerstein, Germany. c Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extract (not a true essential oil). d Commercial essential oils from the Aromatic Plant Research Center (APRC) collection.
Table 11. Major components (percentages) in the wood essential oils of Thuja occidentalis L.
Table 11. Major components (percentages) in the wood essential oils of Thuja occidentalis L.
CompoundsWeyerstahl et al. [97] aAnderson et al. [98] a
Occidentalol27.128.3
γ-Eudesmol8.37.6
β-Eudesmol9.19.1
α-Eudesmol5.25.0
Occidenol10.513.9
Occidol21.221.3
Occidol isomer 15.35.1
a Obtained from waste residues of cedar shingle mills in Quebec and New Brunswick (Canada) and Maine (USA).
Table 12. Major components (percentages) in the wood essential oils of Widdringtonia Endl. species.
Table 12. Major components (percentages) in the wood essential oils of Widdringtonia Endl. species.
CompoundsW. nodiflora [100]W. schwartzii [100]W. nodiflora [101] aW. whytei [102]
cis-Thujopsene15.411.847.131.9
Germacrene D3.618.3ndnd
cis-Thujopsadienendnd1.87.1
Cuparene3.014.34.03.8
Cedrol10.410.110.713.6 b
Widdrol4.33.28.54.9 c
τ-Cadinol1.35.9ndnd
α-Muurololnd13.5ndnd
α-Cadinol7.2ndndnd
Thujopsenal (=Widdrenal)1.811.03.2nd
a Identified as W. cedarbergensis. b The peak includes cedrol + β-himachalene + 3-thujopsanone. c The peak includes widdrol + 3-iso-thujopsanone. nd = not detected.
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Setzer, W.N.; Satyal, P. Cedarwood Oils: The Wood Essential Oil Compositions from Trees Known as “Cedar”. Plants 2026, 15, 659. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040659

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Setzer WN, Satyal P. Cedarwood Oils: The Wood Essential Oil Compositions from Trees Known as “Cedar”. Plants. 2026; 15(4):659. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040659

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Setzer, William N., and Prabodh Satyal. 2026. "Cedarwood Oils: The Wood Essential Oil Compositions from Trees Known as “Cedar”" Plants 15, no. 4: 659. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040659

APA Style

Setzer, W. N., & Satyal, P. (2026). Cedarwood Oils: The Wood Essential Oil Compositions from Trees Known as “Cedar”. Plants, 15(4), 659. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040659

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