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Plants
Volume 15
Issue 12
10.3390/plants15121824
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Reduced Photosynthetic Efficiency of Tilia (Tilia tomentosa) Exposed to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Field (RF-EMF)—JIP-Test Analysis

by
Julian Keller
and
Uwe Geier
*
Forschungsring e.V., 64295 Darmstadt, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Plants 2026, 15(12), 1824; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15121824 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 5 May 2026 / Revised: 8 June 2026 / Accepted: 10 June 2026 / Published: 12 June 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)
Versions Notes

Abstract

The growing use of wireless technology significantly increases the exposure of all living organisms to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). However, the physiological effects of RF-EMF on plants have not yet been sufficiently researched. In this study, we investigated the effects of RF-EMF radiation in the frequency ranges 1890–1900 MHz (DECT) and 2.4 GHz plus 5 GHz (Wi-Fi) on photosynthetic performance of Tilia plants (Tilia tomentosa). The recorded fast chlorophyll fluorescence transients were used to analyze the structure and function of PSII by the JIP-test. The analysis of the fluorescence of chlorophyll a showed that the RF-EMF interfered with the electron transport processes of photosynthesis. Tilia plants exposed to RF-EMF induced decrease in photosynthetic efficiency (FV/FM) and inactivation of part of PSII reaction centers (RC/CSO). Observations of leaf senescence and lifespan over a period of 102 days showed that RF-EMF-exposed Tilia plants exhibited accelerated aging.
Keywords: Tilia tomentosa; photosynthesis; senescence; stress; radio frequency electromagnetic fields; FV/FM; RC/CS0 Tilia tomentosa; photosynthesis; senescence; stress; radio frequency electromagnetic fields; FV/FM; RC/CS0

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MDPI and ACS Style

Keller, J.; Geier, U. Reduced Photosynthetic Efficiency of Tilia (Tilia tomentosa) Exposed to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Field (RF-EMF)—JIP-Test Analysis. Plants 2026, 15, 1824. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15121824

AMA Style

Keller J, Geier U. Reduced Photosynthetic Efficiency of Tilia (Tilia tomentosa) Exposed to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Field (RF-EMF)—JIP-Test Analysis. Plants. 2026; 15(12):1824. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15121824

Chicago/Turabian Style

Keller, Julian, and Uwe Geier. 2026. "Reduced Photosynthetic Efficiency of Tilia (Tilia tomentosa) Exposed to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Field (RF-EMF)—JIP-Test Analysis" Plants 15, no. 12: 1824. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15121824

APA Style

Keller, J., & Geier, U. (2026). Reduced Photosynthetic Efficiency of Tilia (Tilia tomentosa) Exposed to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Field (RF-EMF)—JIP-Test Analysis. Plants, 15(12), 1824. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15121824

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