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Volume 14
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10.3390/plants14223522
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Genome-Wide Development and Characterization of 169 gSSR Markers in the Invasive Plant Xanthium strumarium L.

by
Junshuang Yin
†,
Qingyao Bai
†,
Yiting Mao
†,
Hui Min
,
Chunsha Zhang
,
Yibo Sun
,
Xiaojia Zhang
* and
Yulong Feng
*
College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110065, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contribute equally to this work.
Plants 2025, 14(22), 3522; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14223522
Submission received: 29 September 2025 / Revised: 10 November 2025 / Accepted: 14 November 2025 / Published: 18 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Molecular Biology)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Xanthium strumarium L. is a plant species native to North America; however, it has become a serious invasive threat in northern China due to its great environmental adaptability in the colonized regions. Therefore, elucidating its genetic traits is crucial to understanding its adaptive success. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) comprise 1–6 nucleotides within plant genomes, which are available for evaluating the level of plant genetic diversity. However, the comprehensive analysis of high-coverage SSR markers in Xanthium is limited. This study identified 450,847 SSR loci in the X. strumarium genome. The number of SSR loci decreased with increasing SSR length within the range of 10–100 bp. Dinucleotide repeats constituted the majority (49.81%), totaling 221,154, with AT/TA motifs being the most frequent (66.62%). We developed 169 gSSR markers covering all X. strumarium chromosomes, with 5–15 markers per chromosome. Moreover, the number of different alleles (Na), number of effective alleles (Ne), Shannon’s information index (I), observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He), and polymorphism information content (PIC) were varied from 1.2 to 3.3, 1.077 to 2.385, 0.087 to 0.903, 0 to 1, 0.056 to 0.558, and 0.161 to 0.853, respectively. This marks the first systematic development of high-coverage SSR markers in the genus Xanthium, which increases the number of available SSR markers and reveals the molecular foundation of adaptation to invasion.
Keywords: polymorphism; SSR markers; taxonomy; Xanthium polymorphism; SSR markers; taxonomy; Xanthium

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MDPI and ACS Style

Yin, J.; Bai, Q.; Mao, Y.; Min, H.; Zhang, C.; Sun, Y.; Zhang, X.; Feng, Y. Genome-Wide Development and Characterization of 169 gSSR Markers in the Invasive Plant Xanthium strumarium L. Plants 2025, 14, 3522. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14223522

AMA Style

Yin J, Bai Q, Mao Y, Min H, Zhang C, Sun Y, Zhang X, Feng Y. Genome-Wide Development and Characterization of 169 gSSR Markers in the Invasive Plant Xanthium strumarium L. Plants. 2025; 14(22):3522. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14223522

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yin, Junshuang, Qingyao Bai, Yiting Mao, Hui Min, Chunsha Zhang, Yibo Sun, Xiaojia Zhang, and Yulong Feng. 2025. "Genome-Wide Development and Characterization of 169 gSSR Markers in the Invasive Plant Xanthium strumarium L." Plants 14, no. 22: 3522. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14223522

APA Style

Yin, J., Bai, Q., Mao, Y., Min, H., Zhang, C., Sun, Y., Zhang, X., & Feng, Y. (2025). Genome-Wide Development and Characterization of 169 gSSR Markers in the Invasive Plant Xanthium strumarium L. Plants, 14(22), 3522. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14223522

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