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Volume 14
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10.3390/plants14152437
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Effects of Culture Period and Plant Growth Regulators on In Vitro Biomass Production and Phenolic Compounds in Seven Species of Hypericum

by
Doina Clapa
1,
Monica Hârţa
1,*,
Ana Maria Radomir
2,
Adrian George Peticilă
3,
Loredana Leopold
4,*,
Floricuţa Ranga
4 and
Dorin Ioan Sumedrea
2
1
Faculty of Horticulture and Business in Rural Development, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
2
National Research and Development Institute for Biotechnology in Horticulture Ștefănești-Argeș, 117715 Ștefănești, Romania
3
Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
4
Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Plants 2025, 14(15), 2437; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14152437
Submission received: 14 July 2025 / Revised: 29 July 2025 / Accepted: 5 August 2025 / Published: 6 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Tissue Culture V)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This study evaluated biomass accumulation and phenolic compound production in seven Hypericum species (H. androsaemum, H. calycinum, H. hirsutum, H. kalmianum, H. olympicum, H. perforatum, and H. triquetrifolium) cultivated in vitro under varying growth regulator treatments and culture periods. Shoots were grown on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with benzyladenine (BA) or meta-topoline (mT) and analyzed after 40 and 60 days. MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/L BA was the most effective condition for promoting biomass across all species, with shoot fresh weight increasing significantly at 60 days, particularly in H. olympicum, H. perforatum, and H. triquetrifolium. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS) identified 13 phenolic compounds, including flavonols, hydroxycinnamic acids, anthocyanins, phloroglucinols, and naphthodianthrones. Phenolic profiles were species-specific and influenced by culture period. H. kalmianum accumulated the highest total phenolic content (37.6 mg/g DW), while H. olympicum was the top producer of hypericin and pseudohypericin. These results highlight the crucial role of culture conditions in regulating both biomass and phytochemical production and provide a promising approach for producing bioactive metabolites in Hypericum species through in vitro systems.
Keywords: benzyladenine; bioactive compounds; hypericin; HPLC; naphthodianthrones; shoots culture benzyladenine; bioactive compounds; hypericin; HPLC; naphthodianthrones; shoots culture

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MDPI and ACS Style

Clapa, D.; Hârţa, M.; Radomir, A.M.; Peticilă, A.G.; Leopold, L.; Ranga, F.; Sumedrea, D.I. Effects of Culture Period and Plant Growth Regulators on In Vitro Biomass Production and Phenolic Compounds in Seven Species of Hypericum. Plants 2025, 14, 2437. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14152437

AMA Style

Clapa D, Hârţa M, Radomir AM, Peticilă AG, Leopold L, Ranga F, Sumedrea DI. Effects of Culture Period and Plant Growth Regulators on In Vitro Biomass Production and Phenolic Compounds in Seven Species of Hypericum. Plants. 2025; 14(15):2437. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14152437

Chicago/Turabian Style

Clapa, Doina, Monica Hârţa, Ana Maria Radomir, Adrian George Peticilă, Loredana Leopold, Floricuţa Ranga, and Dorin Ioan Sumedrea. 2025. "Effects of Culture Period and Plant Growth Regulators on In Vitro Biomass Production and Phenolic Compounds in Seven Species of Hypericum" Plants 14, no. 15: 2437. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14152437

APA Style

Clapa, D., Hârţa, M., Radomir, A. M., Peticilă, A. G., Leopold, L., Ranga, F., & Sumedrea, D. I. (2025). Effects of Culture Period and Plant Growth Regulators on In Vitro Biomass Production and Phenolic Compounds in Seven Species of Hypericum. Plants, 14(15), 2437. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14152437

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