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Volume 14
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10.3390/plants14132065
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Article

Synergistic Effects of Salt-Tolerant PGPR and Foliar Silicon on Pak Choi Antioxidant Defense Under Salt Stress

by
Jieru Zhao
1,2,†,
Qibiao Han
2,†,
Bingjian Cui
2,3,
Juan Wang
1,
Chao Hu
2,3,
Rui Li
2,
Yanyu Lin
2,
Ying Xu
1,* and
Chuncheng Liu
2,3,*
1
College of Hydraulic Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
2
Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China
3
Agriculture Water and Soil Environmental Field Science Research Station of Xinxiang City of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453000, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Plants 2025, 14(13), 2065; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14132065
Submission received: 19 May 2025 / Revised: 1 July 2025 / Accepted: 4 July 2025 / Published: 6 July 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Surfaces: Physico-Chemical Properties, Interaction with Deposited Matter and Permeability)
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Abstract

Salinization severely impairs crop growth by inducing oxidative stress and disrupting cellular homeostasis. This study systematically investigates the synergistic effects of salt-tolerant plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (ST-PGPR) and foliar silicon fertilizer spraying (FSFS) on antioxidant responses in Pak choi under salt stress. Two-season pot experiments were carried out to evaluate key indicators, including antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase: SOD; peroxidase: POD; catalase: CAT), oxidative stress (malondialdehyde: MDA), osmolyte accumulation (proline, soluble protein), and hormones (Jasmonic Acid: JA; Salicylic Acid: SA; Abscisic acid: ABA). The results demonstrate that combining ST-PGPR with FSFS significantly enhances SOD (6.18–2353.85%), POD (3.44–153.29%), and CAT (25.71–319.29%) activities while reducing MDA content (8.12–35.87%). Proline and soluble protein levels increased by 1.56–15.71% and 5.03–188.87%, respectively. Hormonal regulation increased JA, SA, and ABA levels by 1.05–31.81%, 2.09–34.29%, and 3.18–30.09%, respectively. Notably, ST-PGPR treatments at 104 and 106 cfu·mL−1, combined with foliar silicon application, consistently ranked highest in overall antioxidant performance across both seasons based on a principal component analysis. These findings provide novel insights into microbial–mineral interactions for sustainable saline agriculture.
Keywords: antioxidant enzyme activation; osmolyte accumulation; hormonal regulation; principal component analysis; sustainable saline agriculture antioxidant enzyme activation; osmolyte accumulation; hormonal regulation; principal component analysis; sustainable saline agriculture

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MDPI and ACS Style

Zhao, J.; Han, Q.; Cui, B.; Wang, J.; Hu, C.; Li, R.; Lin, Y.; Xu, Y.; Liu, C. Synergistic Effects of Salt-Tolerant PGPR and Foliar Silicon on Pak Choi Antioxidant Defense Under Salt Stress. Plants 2025, 14, 2065. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14132065

AMA Style

Zhao J, Han Q, Cui B, Wang J, Hu C, Li R, Lin Y, Xu Y, Liu C. Synergistic Effects of Salt-Tolerant PGPR and Foliar Silicon on Pak Choi Antioxidant Defense Under Salt Stress. Plants. 2025; 14(13):2065. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14132065

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhao, Jieru, Qibiao Han, Bingjian Cui, Juan Wang, Chao Hu, Rui Li, Yanyu Lin, Ying Xu, and Chuncheng Liu. 2025. "Synergistic Effects of Salt-Tolerant PGPR and Foliar Silicon on Pak Choi Antioxidant Defense Under Salt Stress" Plants 14, no. 13: 2065. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14132065

APA Style

Zhao, J., Han, Q., Cui, B., Wang, J., Hu, C., Li, R., Lin, Y., Xu, Y., & Liu, C. (2025). Synergistic Effects of Salt-Tolerant PGPR and Foliar Silicon on Pak Choi Antioxidant Defense Under Salt Stress. Plants, 14(13), 2065. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14132065

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