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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Spray-Dried Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Planch (Cannabaceae) Extract: Building Evidence for Its Therapeutic Potential in Pain and Inflammation Management

by
Kátia Regina Ribeiro
1,
Rúbia Bellard e Silva
1,
João Paulo Costa Rodrigues
2,
Mairon César Coimbra
3,
Laura Jéssica Pereira
1,
Emmilly de Oliveira Alves
1,
Flávio Martins de Oliveira
4,
Marx Osório Araújo Pereira
5,
Eric de Souza Gil
5,
Carlos Alexandre Carollo
6,
Nadla Soares Cassemiro
6,
Camile Aparecida da Silva
1,
Pablinny Moreira Galdino de Carvalho
7,
Flávia Carmo Horta Pinto
8,
Renan Diniz Ferreira
8,
Zakariyya Muhammad Bello
9,10,
Edilene Santos Alves de Melo
11,
Marina Andrade Rocha
11,
Ana Gabriela Silva
11,
Rosy Iara Maciel Azambuja Ribeiro
11,
Adriana Cristina Soares
2 and
Renê Oliveira do Couto
1,*add Show full author list remove Hide full author list
1
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Development (LADEF), Federal University of São João del-Rei, Midwest Campus Dona Lindu, Divinópolis 35501-296, Minas Gerais, Brazil
2
Pharmacology of Pain and Inflammation Laboratory, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Midwest Campus Dona Lindu, Divinópolis 35501-296, Minas Gerais, Brazil
3
Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Midwest Campus Dona Lindu, Divinópolis 35501-296, Minas Gerais, Brazil
4
CT-INFRA II—Animal Maintenance Facility, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Midwest Campus Dona Lindu, Divinópolis 35501-296, Minas Gerais, Brazil
5
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Analysis (LAFAM), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia 74690-900, Goiás, Brazil
6
Laboratory of Natural Products and Mass Spectrometry (LAPNEM), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition (FACFAN), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
7
Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia (UFOB), Barreiras 47810-047, Bahia, Brazil
8
Department of Natural Sciences (DCNAT), Federal University of São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei 36307-352, Minas Gerais, Brazil
9
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Nigeria
10
CT-INFRA I—Laboratory of Tissue Processing (LAPROTEC), Federal University of São João del-Rei, Midwest Campus Dona Lindu, Divinópolis 35501-296, Minas Gerais, Brazil
11
Laboratory of Experimental Pathology (LAPATEX), Federal University of São João del-Rei, Midwest Campus Dona Lindu, Divinópolis 35501-296, Minas Gerais, Brazil
 
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*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Plants 2025, 14(13), 2008; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14132008
Submission received: 3 June 2025 / Revised: 23 June 2025 / Accepted: 25 June 2025 / Published: 30 June 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioprospecting the Efficacy and Safety of Natural Products from Plants)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Celtis iguanaea, widely used in Brazilian folk medicine, is known for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. This study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant capacity and the in vivo antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of the standardized spray-dried Celtis iguanaea hydroethanolic leaf extract (SDCi). Phytochemical analysis showed that SDCi contains 21.78 ± 0.82 mg/g polyphenols, 49.69 ± 0.57 mg/g flavonoids, and 518.81 ± 18.02 mg/g phytosterols. UFLC-DAD-MS identified iridoid glycosides, p-coumaric acid glycosides, flavones, and unsaturated fatty acids. Antioxidant assays revealed an IC50 of 301.6 ± 38.8 µg/mL for DPPH scavenging and an electrochemical index of 6.1 μA/V. In vivo, SDCi (100–1000 mg/kg, p.o) did not impair locomotor function (rotarod test) but significantly reduced acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing and both phases of the formalin test at higher doses (300 and 1000 mg/kg). The antinociceptive effects were independent of α-2 adrenergic receptors. SDCi also increased latency in the hot-plate test and reduced paw edema in the carrageenan model, accompanied by decreased IL-1β and increased IL-10 levels. Histological analysis showed a 50% reduction in inflammatory cell infiltration. These findings support SDCi as an effective anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive phytopharmaceutical intermediate, with potential applications in managing pain and inflammation.
Keywords: analgesics; anti-inflammatory agents; antioxidants; cannabaceae; medicinal plant analgesics; anti-inflammatory agents; antioxidants; cannabaceae; medicinal plant

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Ribeiro, K.R.; Bellard e Silva, R.; Rodrigues, J.P.C.; Coimbra, M.C.; Pereira, L.J.; Alves, E.d.O.; Oliveira, F.M.d.; Pereira, M.O.A.; Gil, E.d.S.; Carollo, C.A.; et al. Spray-Dried Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Planch (Cannabaceae) Extract: Building Evidence for Its Therapeutic Potential in Pain and Inflammation Management. Plants 2025, 14, 2008. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14132008

AMA Style

Ribeiro KR, Bellard e Silva R, Rodrigues JPC, Coimbra MC, Pereira LJ, Alves EdO, Oliveira FMd, Pereira MOA, Gil EdS, Carollo CA, et al. Spray-Dried Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Planch (Cannabaceae) Extract: Building Evidence for Its Therapeutic Potential in Pain and Inflammation Management. Plants. 2025; 14(13):2008. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14132008

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ribeiro, Kátia Regina, Rúbia Bellard e Silva, João Paulo Costa Rodrigues, Mairon César Coimbra, Laura Jéssica Pereira, Emmilly de Oliveira Alves, Flávio Martins de Oliveira, Marx Osório Araújo Pereira, Eric de Souza Gil, Carlos Alexandre Carollo, and et al. 2025. "Spray-Dried Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Planch (Cannabaceae) Extract: Building Evidence for Its Therapeutic Potential in Pain and Inflammation Management" Plants 14, no. 13: 2008. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14132008

APA Style

Ribeiro, K. R., Bellard e Silva, R., Rodrigues, J. P. C., Coimbra, M. C., Pereira, L. J., Alves, E. d. O., Oliveira, F. M. d., Pereira, M. O. A., Gil, E. d. S., Carollo, C. A., Cassemiro, N. S., Silva, C. A. d., Carvalho, P. M. G. d., Pinto, F. C. H., Ferreira, R. D., Bello, Z. M., Melo, E. S. A. d., Rocha, M. A., Silva, A. G., ... Couto, R. O. d. (2025). Spray-Dried Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Planch (Cannabaceae) Extract: Building Evidence for Its Therapeutic Potential in Pain and Inflammation Management. Plants, 14(13), 2008. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14132008

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