Non-Structural Carbohydrates Accumulation in Seedlings Improved Flowering Quality of Tree Peony under Forcing Culture Conditions, with Roots Playing a Crucial Role
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Changes in the Photosynthetic Capacity of Leaves
2.2. Differences in Morphology and NSCs accumulation of Potted Seedlings
2.3. Differences in Flowering Quality under Forcing Culture Conditions
2.4. Correlations Analysis of Growth Parameters of Potted Seedlings and Off-Season Flower
2.5. Correlation Network Analysis between Growth Parameter of Potted Seedling and Off-Season Flowering
2.6. Dependency between SI and FI on Roots’ NSCs accumulation
3. Discussion
3.1. Seedling Quality Depends upon NSCs accumulation of Potted Tree Peony
3.2. NSCs Are Matter and Energy Sources and Signaling Triggers of Off-Season Tree Peony
3.3. Roots NSCs Remobilization Is a Milestone in Forcing Culture Conditions
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Experimental Site and Design
4.2. Potted Seedling Growth and Flowering Regulation
4.3. Measurement of Photosynthesis Performance
4.4. Determination of Antioxidant Performance
4.5. Seedlings’ Morphological Observation at Defoliation
4.6. Characteristics’ Observation of Off-Season Flowering
4.7. Determination of Non-Structural Carbohydrates
4.8. Determination of Anthocyanin and Flavonoid in Petals
4.9. Evaluation of Off-Season Flowering Quality
4.10. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Groups | Pn /(µmolCO2 ·m−2·s−1) | Gs /(mmolH2O ·m−2·s−1) | Ci /(µmol ·mol−1) | Tr /(mmolH2O ·m−2·s−1) | WUE /(µmolCO2 ·mmol−1 H2O) | LA /(cm2 ·plant−1) | POD Activity/(U·g−1·h−1) | MDA Content /(µmol·g−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T0 | 10.21 ± 1.51 | 0.09 ± 0.01 b | 200.8 ± 18.0 bc | 2.89 ± 0.34 de | 3.54 ± 0.35 a | 1725.6 ± 263.5 a | 41.4 ± 13.6 c | 9.79 ± 0.29 ab |
T1 | 9.75 ± 2.23 | 0.09 ± 0.04 b | 194.4 ± 29.1 c | 2.81 ± 0.97 e | 3.58 ± 0.45 a | 1554.1 ± 77.6 ab | 62.5 ± 11.0 b | 10.07 ± 0.57 a |
T2 | 10.81 ± 1.79 | 0.10 ± 0.02 ab | 195.7 ± 28.5 c | 3.08 ± 0.59 cde | 3.57 ± 0.58 a | 1345.4 ± 81.4 bc | 63.7 ± 15.1 b | 8.54 ± 0.37 de |
T3 | 11.01 ± 1.65 | 0.10 ± 0.02 ab | 198.1 ± 17.7 c | 3.27 ± 0.62 bcde | 3.40 ± 0.25 a | 1792.3 ± 209.7 a | 82.7 ± 14.2 a | 8.14 ± 0.37 ef |
T4 | 11.41 ± 1.08 | 0.10 ± 0.02 ab | 196.2 ± 17.9 c | 3.36 ± 0.46 abcd | 3.42 ± 0.26 a | 1269.2 ± 244.1 cd | 19.8 ± 2.6 d | 9.10 ± 0.33 cd |
T5 | 10.60 ± 2.44 | 0.12 ± 0.03 a | 225.0 ± 13.9 a | 3.78 ± 0.85 ab | 2.82 ± 0.23 bc | 1237.0 ± 40.5 cd | 27.9 ± 8.8 cd | 9.28 ± 0.38 bc |
T6 | 10.52 ± 1.05 | 0.11 ± 0.02 ab | 222.9 ± 14.9 a | 4.02 ± 0.47 a | 2.63 ± 0.28 c | 1434.7 ± 203.5 bc | 33.5 ± 11.0 cd | 8.02 ± 0.39 ef |
T7 | 10.63 ± 1.06 | 0.11 ± 0.02 ab | 210.7 ± 11.3 abc | 3.84 ± 0.47 ab | 2.78 ± 0.15 bc | 1028.6 ± 112.3 d | 26.4 ± 6.2 cd | 10.36 ± 0.4 a |
T8 | 10.69 ± 1.56 | 0.10 ± 0.02 ab | 189.4 ± 18.8 c | 3.53 ± 0.67 abcd | 3.06 ± 0.26 b | 1097.5 ± 157.0 d | 15.7 ± 10.2 d | 7.94 ± 0.35 ef |
T9 | 10.64 ± 1.49 | 0.11 ± 0.02 ab | 220.0 ± 24.3 ab | 3.65 ± 0.49 abc | 2.94 ± 0.43 bc | 1219.2 ± 209.9 cd | 19.8 ± 4.6 d | 7.55 ± 0.13 f |
Groups | SL /mm | SD /mm | WPB /(g·plant−1) | NSCAS /(g·plant−1) | NSCAR /(g·plant−1) | NSCAT /(g·plant−1) | SI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T0 | 111.6 ± 11.9 a | 6.2 ± 0.1 ab | 344.8 ± 39.2 a | 1.42 ± 0.06 h | 81.3 ± 4.3 b | 82.7 ± 4.2 b | 19.2 ± 1.7 bcd |
T1 | 102.0 ± 9.0 ab | 6.3 ± 0.3 ab | 332.9 ± 17.3 ab | 2.46 ± 0.03 b | 79.1 ± 2.8 b | 81.6 ± 2.8 b | 20.8 ± 2.4 bc |
T2 | 88.2 ± 4.0 bc | 5.4 ± 0.1 cd | 345.4 ± 39.2 a | 2.92 ± 0.12 a | 80.3 ± 6.2 b | 83.2 ± 6.3 b | 21.2 ± 2.5 bc |
T3 | 91.4 ± 7.6 bc | 6.4 ± 0.3 a | 370.7 ± 15.1 a | 2.01 ± 0.06 d | 89.0 ± 0.5 a | 91.0 ± 0.5 a | 26.2 ± 2.9 a |
T4 | 93.4 ± 14.7 bc | 5.8 ± 0.7 bc | 321.6 ± 32.9 ab | 1.93 ± 0.08 de | 71.4 ± 3.0 c | 73.4 ± 3.0 c | 20.2 ± 2.3 bc |
T5 | 87.2 ± 12.0 bc | 5.3 ± 0.2 d | 333.3 ± 24.9 ab | 1.84 ± 0.07 ef | 69.9 ± 1.1 c | 71.7 ± 1.2 c | 20.3 ± 1.5 bc |
T6 | 99.1 ± 12.4 ab | 6.1 ± 0.4 ab | 362.6 ± 24.2 a | 2.33 ± 0.16 c | 81.3 ± 2.8 b | 83.6 ± 2.7 b | 22.4 ± 0.9 b |
T7 | 82.8 ± 5.8 c | 4.7 ± 0.2 e | 288.0 ± 41.1 b | 1.79 ± 0.03 f | 54.0 ± 2.2 d | 55.7 ± 2.2 d | 16.4 ± 2.6 d |
T8 | 78.7 ± 9.7 c | 4.9 ± 0.4 de | 287.7 ± 39.4 b | 1.65 ± 0.05 g | 57.4 ± 3.1 d | 59.0 ± 3.1 d | 18.0 ± 2.1 d |
T9 | 92.7 ± 4.6 b | 5.9 ± 0.3 abc | 292.5 ± 27.9 b | 1.28 ± 0.04 i | 58.1 ± 2.1 d | 59.4 ± 2.1 d | 18.7 ± 1.7 cd |
Groups | T0 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | T6 | T7 | T8 | T9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PH/(cm) | 47.8 ± 5.4 a | 44.2 ± 6.2 ab | 42.0 ± 2.7 ab | 41.5 ± 4.7 abc | 43.8 ± 3.3 ab | 45.3 ± 7.1 ab | 41.8 ± 7.3 abc | 35.0 ± 4.1 bc | 34.0 ± 3.7 c | 43.3 ± 2.1 ab |
CW/(cm) | 57.1 ± 4.6 ab | 56.5 ± 11.2 ab | 52.3 ± 5.4 ab | 55.8 ± 4.3 ab | 57.1 ± 9.1 ab | 59.1 ± 6.0 a | 60.3 ± 8.0 a | 48.0 ± 4.0 bc | 44.8 ± 3.7 c | 56.5 ± 4.3 b |
BN/(N) | 1.8 ± 0.5 d | 2.3 ± 0.5 cd | 3.0 ± 1.1 abc | 3.0 ± 0.0 abc | 3.5 ± 0.6 ab | 3.8 ± 1.0 a | 3.5 ± 0.6 ab | 3.3 ± 0.5 abc | 3.5 ± 0.6 ab | 2.5 ± 0.6 bcd |
SPAD | 38.3 ± 3.5 a | 33.4 ± 2.5 bcd | 35.5 ± 1.4 ab | 35.3 ± 1.1 ab | 34.0 ± 2.6 abc | 34.5 ± 2.2 abc | 35.5 ± 3.8 ab | 28.8 ± 4.6 d | 30.1 ± 2.3 cd | 32.5 ± 3.1 bcd |
BD/(mm) | 8.45 ± 1.54 | 7.82 ± 0.59 | 7.60 ± 0.64 | 8.00 ± 0.60 | 8.05 ± 0.56 | 8.09 ± 0.56 | 7.61 ± 0.57 | 7.21 ± 0.96 | 7.58 ± 0.85 | 8.54 ± 0.47 |
LL/(cm) | 35.5 ± 4.2 a | 32.8 ± 2.6 ab | 31.6 ± 2.1 ab | 33.3 ± 3.1 ab | 34.1 ± 3.5 a | 36.5 ± 3.8 a | 32.1 ± 2.2 ab | 29.0 ± 3.3 b | 28.3 ± 2.3 b | 34.5 ± 2.7 a |
LT/(mm) | 0.17 ± 0.01 | 0.17 ± 0.01 | 0.16 ± 0.01 | 0.16 ± 0.01 | 0.17 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 0.16 ± 0.01 | 0.17 ± 0.01 | 0.17 ± 0.01 | 0.17 ± 0.01 |
CWI | 1.20 ± 0.05 c | 1.27 ± 0.10 bc | 1.24 ± 0.08 bc | 1.35 ± 0.06 ab | 1.30 ± 0.12 bc | 1.32 ± 0.09 bc | 1.45 ± 0.07 a | 1.38 ± 0.09 ab | 1.32 ± 0.04 bc | 1.31 ± 0.07 bc |
FNP/(N) | 1.8 ± 0.5 bc | 1.3 ± 0.5 bc | 1.8 ± 0.5 bc | 2.3 ± 0.5 ab | 2.0 ± 0.8 ab | 3.0 ± 0.1 a | 2.3 ± 1.0 ab | 1.0 ± 0.1 c | 1.8 ± 1.0 bc | 1.5 ± 0.6 bc |
FD/(mm) | 189.2 ± 4.4 ab | 198.7 ± 2.8 a | 191.4 ± 12.0 ab | 181.7 ± 16.2 ab | 175.2 ± 20.1 abc | 188.5 ± 17.8 ab | 175.7 ± 21.6 abc | 150.6 ± 10.5 c | 156.7 ± 29.5 bc | 189.7 ± 15.4 a |
L* | 49.6 ± 5.3 c | 50.3 ± 1.8 bc | 41.1 ± 3.3 d | 45.7 ± 5.7 cd | 48.8 ± 6.9 cd | 52.8 ± 5.9 abc | 52.4 ± 8.2 abc | 58.9 ± 1.9 a | 52.8 ± 5.7 abc | 58.1 ± 3.0 ab |
a* | 25.2 ± 3.7 bc | 27.8 ± 0.6 bc | 32.1 ± 2.5 ab | 32.1 ± 1.2 a | 26.2 ± 5.0 bc | 21.8 ± 7.0 cd | 24.2 ± 7.9 bc | 19.4 ± 5.9 cd | 19.7 ± 6.6 cd | 17.4 ± 2.8 d |
PAC/(U·g−1) | 24.7 ± 0.7 d | 29.3 ± 0.9 c | 40.6 ± 1.5 a | 34.2 ± 1.9 b | 28.9 ± 1.2 c | 21.5 ± 0.9 e | 34.0 ± 1.6 b | 19.4 ± 0.2 f | 19.5 ± 0.7 f | 16.3 ± 0.4 g |
PFC/(mg·g−1) | 26.9 ± 1.5 d | 28.4 ± 0.7 cd | 32.0 ± 0.8 b | 34.9 ± 2.6 a | 30.5 ± 1.3 bc | 29.3 ± 0.5 cd | 34.9 ± 2.1 a | 26.7 ± 1.0 d | 27.0 ± 0.9 d | 27.8 ± 1.9 d |
PSSC/(mg·g−1) | 36.3 ± 2.7 ab | 36.7 ± 2.4 ab | 33.2 ± 1.2 ab | 32.8 ± 1.3 ab | 37.4 ± 3.0 a | 32.1 ± 4.8 ab | 34.6 ± 2.6 ab | 32.8 ± 1.2 ab | 32.6 ± 5.4 ab | 28.6 ± 4.4 b |
FI | 16.0 ± 1.4 cd | 16.8 ± 1.5 cd | 18.3 ± 2.5 ab | 19.8 ± 2.1 a | 17.0 ± 2.2 abc | 18.5 ± 0.6 ab | 19.0 ± 2.0 ab | 11.5 ± 1.9 e | 13.5 ± 2.7 de | 14.0 ± 1.4 de |
Groups | A/Root Pruning (%) | B/Rooting Agent (mg·L−1) | C/Metarhizium anisopliae (million U·mL−1) | FI |
---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | 25 | 250 | 10 | 16.8 ± 1.5 |
T2 | 25 | 500 | 15 | 18.3 ± 2.5 |
T3 | 25 | 750 | 20 | 19.8 ± 2.1 |
T4 | 33 | 250 | 15 | 17.0 ± 2.2 |
T5 | 33 | 500 | 20 | 18.5 ± 0.6 |
T6 | 33 | 750 | 10 | 19.0 ± 2.0 |
T7 | 50 | 250 | 20 | 11.5 ± 1.9 |
T8 | 50 | 500 | 10 | 13.5 ± 2.7 |
T9 | 50 | 750 | 15 | 14.0 ± 1.4 |
K1 | 18.17 | 14.75 | 16.08 | |
K2 | 17.92 | 16.75 | 16.42 | |
K3 | 13.00 | 17.58 | 16.58 | |
R | 5.17 | 2.83 | 0.50 | |
Order | A > B > C | |||
Optimal combination | A1B3C3 |
Groups | A/Root Pruning (%) | B/Rooting Agent (mg·L−1) | C/Metarhizium anisopliae (million U·mL−1) |
---|---|---|---|
T0 (Control) | 0 (No) | 0 (No) | 0 (No) |
T1 | 25 (Slight) | 250 (Low) | 10 (Low) |
T2 | 25 (Slight) | 500 (Moderate) | 15 (Moderate) |
T3 | 25 (Slight) | 750 (High) | 20 (High) |
T4 | 33 (Moderate) | 250 (Low) | 15 (Moderate) |
T5 | 33 (Moderate) | 500 (Moderate) | 20 (High) |
T6 | 33 (Moderate) | 750 (High) | 10 (Low) |
T7 | 50 (Severe) | 250 (Low) | 20 (High) |
T8 | 50 (Severe) | 500 (Moderate) | 10 (Low) |
T9 | 50 (Severe) | 750 (High) | 15 (Moderate) |
Indexes | Levels | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
a* | <21 | 21–25 | 25–29 | 29–33 | >33 |
FD/mm | <155 | 155–170 | 170–185 | 185–200 | >200 |
FNP/N.plant−1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
SPAD | <30 | 30–32 | 32–34 | 34–36 | >36 |
BN/N.plant−1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | >5 |
CI | <120 | 123–130 | 130–140 | 40–150 | >150 |
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Shi, S.; Shi, T.; Zhou, S.; Gao, S.; Zhao, Y.; Shi, G. Non-Structural Carbohydrates Accumulation in Seedlings Improved Flowering Quality of Tree Peony under Forcing Culture Conditions, with Roots Playing a Crucial Role. Plants 2024, 13, 2837. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13202837
Shi S, Shi T, Zhou S, Gao S, Zhao Y, Shi G. Non-Structural Carbohydrates Accumulation in Seedlings Improved Flowering Quality of Tree Peony under Forcing Culture Conditions, with Roots Playing a Crucial Role. Plants. 2024; 13(20):2837. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13202837
Chicago/Turabian StyleShi, Shuaiying, Tian Shi, Shuang Zhou, Shuangcheng Gao, Yuan Zhao, and Guoan Shi. 2024. "Non-Structural Carbohydrates Accumulation in Seedlings Improved Flowering Quality of Tree Peony under Forcing Culture Conditions, with Roots Playing a Crucial Role" Plants 13, no. 20: 2837. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13202837
APA StyleShi, S., Shi, T., Zhou, S., Gao, S., Zhao, Y., & Shi, G. (2024). Non-Structural Carbohydrates Accumulation in Seedlings Improved Flowering Quality of Tree Peony under Forcing Culture Conditions, with Roots Playing a Crucial Role. Plants, 13(20), 2837. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13202837