Pollination Biology and Life History Traits of the Rare Las Vegas Bear Poppy (Arctomecon californica)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Blooming Season
2.2. Population’s Fluctuation in Arctomecon californica
2.3. Insect Visitor Survey and Behavior
2.4. Pollinator Efficacy
Average Fruit and Seed Set
2.5. Visitor Behavioral Observations
2.6. Floral Life History and Phenology
3. Discussion
3.1. Blooming Season
3.2. Fluctuation and Decline
3.3. Visitor Surveys
3.4. Pollinator Efficacy
3.5. Floral Life, Plant Phenology, and Interaction with Visitors
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Sites
4.2. Floral Life History and Phenology
4.3. Pollinator Sampling
4.3.1. Pollinator Visitor Surveys
4.3.2. Visual Observation
4.3.3. Net Collection
4.3.4. Visitation Rates
4.4. Pollinator Efficacy
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site | Code | 2021 | 2022 | Changes in Living Plants | Changes in Blooms | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alive | Bloom | Alive | Bloom | ||||
Lake Mead Area | |||||||
Apex | Apex | 68 | 22 | 12 | 12 | −82% | −45% |
Railroad | RR | 52 | 25 | 37 | 17 | −28% | −32% |
Bitter Spring 2 | BS2 | 145 | 35 | 138 | 28 | −4% | −20% |
Rainbow Garden North | RNG | 153 | 59 | 4 | 0 | −97% | −100% |
Rainbow Garden South | RGS | 96 | 47 | 3 | 0 | −96% | −100% |
Shooting Range | SR | 82 | 33 | 4 | 0 | −95% | −100% |
Pabco | Pb | 149 | 52 | 108 | 27 | −27% | −48% |
Gold Butte Area | |||||||
Helicopter Hill | HH | 74 | 29 | 68 | 32 | −8% | +10% |
Poppy City | PC | 259 | 67 | 236 | 63 | −8% | −5% |
Red Bluff North | RBN | 294 | 20 | 315 | 26 | +7% | +30% |
Red Bluff South | RBS | 196 | 35 | 183 | 44 | −6% | +25% |
Restoration Site | RS | 255 | 1 | 270 | 4 | +5% | +300% |
Genus | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 |
---|---|---|---|
Andrena | 2 | 2 | 5 |
Anthidium | 1 | ||
Anthophora | 8 | ||
Apis mellifera | 2 | 46 | 18 |
Ashmeadiella | 2 | 5 | |
Atoposmia | 1 | ||
Augochlorella | 1 | ||
Centris | 1 | ||
Colletes | 6 | 1 | |
Diadasia | 1 | 2 | |
Epeolus | 1 | ||
Eucera | 2 | ||
Hesperapis | 2 | ||
Hoplitis | 1 | ||
Hylaeus | 63 | 16 | |
Lasioglossum | 11 | 33 | 24 |
Macrotera | 2 | ||
Megachile | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Megandrena | 1 | ||
Melissodes | 1 | ||
Perdita | 168 | 21 | 169 |
Stelis | 1 |
Site Name | Code | GM GPS |
---|---|---|
Lake Mead National Recreation Area | ||
Apex | Apex | 36.305500, −114.939444 |
Railroad | RR | 36.314672, −114.947205 |
Bitter Spring 1 | BS1 | 36.258327, −114.528040 |
Bitter Spring 2 | BS2 | 36.287710, −114.522428 |
Bitter Spring 3 | BS3 | 36.286681, −114.505937 |
Bitter Spring 4 | BS4 | 36.288654, −114.499012 |
Steward Point | SP | 36.386026, −114.413172 |
Pinto Ridge | PR | 36.241706, −114.550132 |
Rainbow Garden North | RGN | 36.176468, −114.961672 |
Rainbow Garden South | RGS | 36.144443, −114.972828 |
Shooting Range | SR | 36.135997, −114.981891 |
Pabco | Pb | 36.205775, −114.912158 |
Ore Car Mine | OCM | 36.212040, −114.700568 |
Borax Wash | BW | 36.203463, −114.732925 |
Gold Butte National Monument | ||
Poppy City | PC | 36.335103, −114.233219 |
Red Bluff North | RBN | 36.456679, −114.251431 |
Red Bluff South | RBS | 36.449705, −114.245201 |
Restoration Site | RS | 36.504502, −114.195595 |
Black Butte | BB | 36.499921, −114.201760 |
Helicopter Hill | HH | 36.381543, −114.231045 |
Poppy Canyon | PCn | 36.398943, −114.227713 |
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Chanprame, S.; Griswold, T.L.; Wilson, J.S. Pollination Biology and Life History Traits of the Rare Las Vegas Bear Poppy (Arctomecon californica). Plants 2024, 13, 1762. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131762
Chanprame S, Griswold TL, Wilson JS. Pollination Biology and Life History Traits of the Rare Las Vegas Bear Poppy (Arctomecon californica). Plants. 2024; 13(13):1762. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131762
Chicago/Turabian StyleChanprame, Sarit, Terry L. Griswold, and Joseph S. Wilson. 2024. "Pollination Biology and Life History Traits of the Rare Las Vegas Bear Poppy (Arctomecon californica)" Plants 13, no. 13: 1762. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131762
APA StyleChanprame, S., Griswold, T. L., & Wilson, J. S. (2024). Pollination Biology and Life History Traits of the Rare Las Vegas Bear Poppy (Arctomecon californica). Plants, 13(13), 1762. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131762