Comparison of In Vitro Antimelanoma and Antimicrobial Activity of 2,3-Indolo-betulinic Acid and Its Glycine Conjugates
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Chemical Synthesis of the Compounds
2.2. Cell Viability Assay
2.3. Evaluation of the Cytotoxic Potential by Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Assay
2.4. Anti-Migratory Activity Evaluation Using the Scratch Assay Method
2.5. Antimicrobial Activity Assays
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemistry
4.1.1. Instruments
4.1.2. Synthesis
4.2. Cell Culture
4.3. Cellular Viability
4.4. Evaluation of the Cytotoxic Potential by Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Assay
4.5. Anti-Migratory Potential—Scratch Assay Method
4.6. Antimicrobial Activity Assays
4.6.1. Kirby Bauer Disk Diffusion Method
4.6.2. Broth Dilution Method for Determination of MIC and MBC/MFC
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound | IC50 (μM) |
---|---|
BI | 19.2 ± 0.5 |
BA1 | 5.7 ± 0.9 |
BA2 | 13.7 ± 0.8 |
BA3 | 10.0 ± 0.8 |
BA4 | 19.6 ± 0.7 |
Microbial Strains | Test Compounds | Disk Diffusion Method (Inhibition Zones in mm) | MIC (µg/mL) | MBC or MFC (µg/mL) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 19615 | BA1 BA2 BA3 BA4 BI Levofloxacin DMSO | 9 17 16 17 13 28 9 | - 16.33 14.58 13.16 - - - | - 32.66 29.16 26.33 - - - |
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 | BA1 BA2 BA3 BA4 BI Levofloxacin DMSO | 9 17 16 17 9 27 8 | - 32.66 29.16 26.33 - - - | - - - - - - - |
Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 | BA1 BA2 BA3 BA4 BI Levofloxacin DMSO | 7 7 8 7 7 29 7 | - - - - - - - | - - - - - - - |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 | BA1 BA2 BA3 BA4 BI Levofloxacin DMSO | 7 7 7 7 7 20 7 | - - - - - - - | - - - - - - - |
Candida albicans ATCC 10231 | BA1 BA2 BA3 BA4 BI Fluconazole DMSO | 9 7 16 7 8 16 8 | - - 29.16 - - - - | - - - - - - - |
Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 | BA1 BA2 BA3 BA4 BI Fluconazole DMSO | 7 7 16 7 9 17 7 | - - 29.16 - - - - | - - - - - - - |
Numbering in the Manuscript | Structural Formula | Trivial Name | CAS Name and Number for Previously Described Compounds |
---|---|---|---|
BI | Betulinic acid | 3β-Hydroxy-20(29)-lupaene-28-oic acid (472-15-1) | |
BA1 | N-(2,3-Indolo-betulinoyl)diglycylglycine | - | |
BA2 | N-(2,3-Indolo-betulinoyl)glycylglycine | - | |
BA3 | N-(2,3-Indolo-betulinoyl)glycine | N-(28-Oxo-1′H-lupa-2,20(29)-dieno[3,2-b]indol-28-yl)glycine (905838-14-4) | |
BA4 | 2,3-Indolo-betulinic acid | 1’H-lupa-2,20(29)-dieno[3,2-b]indol-28-oic acid(905837-93-6) |
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Lombrea, A.; Semenescu, A.-D.; Magyari-Pavel, I.Z.; Turks, M.; Lugiņina, J.; Peipiņš, U.; Muntean, D.; Dehelean, C.A.; Dinu, S.; Danciu, C. Comparison of In Vitro Antimelanoma and Antimicrobial Activity of 2,3-Indolo-betulinic Acid and Its Glycine Conjugates. Plants 2023, 12, 1253. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061253
Lombrea A, Semenescu A-D, Magyari-Pavel IZ, Turks M, Lugiņina J, Peipiņš U, Muntean D, Dehelean CA, Dinu S, Danciu C. Comparison of In Vitro Antimelanoma and Antimicrobial Activity of 2,3-Indolo-betulinic Acid and Its Glycine Conjugates. Plants. 2023; 12(6):1253. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061253
Chicago/Turabian StyleLombrea, Adelina, Alexandra-Denisa Semenescu, Ioana Zinuca Magyari-Pavel, Māris Turks, Jevgeņija Lugiņina, Uldis Peipiņš, Delia Muntean, Cristina Adriana Dehelean, Stefania Dinu, and Corina Danciu. 2023. "Comparison of In Vitro Antimelanoma and Antimicrobial Activity of 2,3-Indolo-betulinic Acid and Its Glycine Conjugates" Plants 12, no. 6: 1253. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061253