New Records of Ditylenchus Species from Southern Alberta, Canada
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Description of Ditylenchus anchilisposomus (Tarjan) Fortuner [28,40]
2.2. Description of Ditylenchus clarus Thorne and Malek [31]
2.3. Description of Ditylenchus tenuidens Gritsenko [41]
2.4. Description of Ditylenchus valveus Thorne and Malek [31]
2.5. Molecular Characterisation and Phylogeny of the Recovered Ditylenchus Species
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Nematode Isolation and Morphological Studies
4.2. DNA Extraction, PCR, and Sequencing
4.3. Phylogenetic Studies
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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This Study | Tarjan [40] | Thorne and Malek [31] | Hashemi and Karegar [16] | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Location | Southern Alberta, Canada | California, USA | Nebraska, USA | Southern Provinces, Iran |
Habitat | No-till field, previously planted with potatoes | Grass rhizosphere | – | – |
n | 15 | 19 | 1 | 7 |
Body length | 706.0 ± 65.3 (600.0–815.0) | 624 (487–728) | 640 | 660 (615–708) |
a | 40.0 ± 2.4 (36.0–43.0) | 33.9 (30.6–39.9) | 31 | 42.1 (37.3–46.9) |
b | 6.0 ± 0.6 (4.7–7.3) | 4.7 (4.1–5.1) | 6.2 | 5.7 (4.4–6.5) |
c | 13.0 ± 0.7 (12.0–14.0) | 12.3 (11.1–13.2) | 13 | 11.9 (10.6–13.2) |
c’ | 4.5 ± 0.5 (3.6–5.5) | – | – | 5.3 (4.8–5.7) |
MB | 37.5 ± 2.9 (31.5–42.0) | – | – | |
V | 82.0 ± 1.2 (81.0–85.0) | 81 (78–83) | 82 | 80.1 (77.5–82.0) |
V’ | 92.0 ± 0.4 (91.5–93.0) | – | – | 87.5 (85.3–88.7) |
Lip height | 2.0 ± 0.2 (2.0–3.0) | – | – | – |
Lip width | 6.0 ± 0.5 (5.5–7.0) | – | – | – |
Stylet length | 8.6 ± 0.5 (8.0–9.5) | 8.8 (7.6–10.8) | 10 | 8.4 (7.5–9) |
Median bulb length | 14.0 ± 1.4 (12.0–17.0) | – | – | – |
Median bulb width | 6.5 ± 0.5 (6.0–7.5) | – | – | – |
Distance from anterior end to secretory–excretory pore | 90.0 ± 4.5 (83.0–97.0) | 81 (74–95) | – | – |
Distance from secretory–excretory pore to hemizonid | 3.0 ± 0.2 (3.0–4.0) | – | – | – |
Pharynx length | 118.0 ± 8.4 (102.0–128.0) | – | – | 117 (107-139) |
Max body diam. | 18.0 ± 2.0 (15.0–21.0) | – | – | – |
Vulva body width (VBW) | 16.5 ± 1.6 (15.0–20.0) | – | – | – |
Postvulval uterine sac (PUS) length | 31.0 ± 2.4 (25.0–35.0) | 32 (20–41) | – | – |
PUS/VBW | 1.9 ± 0.2 (1.4–2.1) | – | – | 2.0 (1.4–2.6) |
PUS/V–A% | 45.0 ± 6.5 (33.0–54.0) | – | – | 40.4 (29.2–46.2) |
Distance from vulva to tail terminus | 125.0 ± 9.4 (111.0–140.0) | – | – | – |
Distance from vulva to anus (V–A) | 69.0 ± 6.7 (60.0–82.0) | – | – | – |
Anal body width (ABW) | 12.0 ± 1.6 (10.0–15.0) | – | – | – |
Tail length | 55.5 ± 4.8 (50.0–68.0) | – | – | 55.8 (51–66) |
This Study | Thorne and Malek [31] | |
---|---|---|
Location | Southern Alberta, Canada | South Dakota, USA |
Habitat | Amaranthus sp. | – |
n | 20 | 1 |
Body length | 540.0 ± 44.0 (452.0–610.0) | 700 |
a | 29.0 ± 2.6 (25.0–36.0) | 27 |
b | 6.0 ± 0.5 (5.0–7.0) | 5.3 |
c | 12.5 ± 0.9 (11.0–14.0) | 12.8 |
c’ | 3.7 ± 0.3 (3.3–4.2) | – |
MB | 37.0 ± 1.3 (35.0–39.0) | – |
V | 82.0 ± 1.2 (79.0–85.0) | 79 |
V’ | 92.0 ± 0.6 (91.0–93.0) | – |
Lip height | 6.2 ± 0.5 (5.0–7.0) | – |
Lip width | 2.5 ± 0.2 (2.0–3.0) | – |
Stylet length | 7.1 ± 0.1 (7.0–7.5) | 10 |
Median bulb length | 10.0 ± 1.2 (8.0–11.6) | – |
Median bulb width | 6.3 ± 0.6 (5.0–7.5) | – |
Distance from anterior end to secretory–excretory pore | 71.0 ± 2.8 (66.0–76.0) | – |
Pharynx length | 88.0 ± 4.8 (78.0–95.0) | – |
Max body diam. | 18.5 ± 1.5 (16.0–21.0) | – |
Vulva body width (VBW) | 17.0 ± 1.5 (15.0–19.5) | – |
Postvulval uterine sac (PUS) length | 17.0 ± 1.7 (15.0–21.0) | – |
PUS/VBW | 1.0 ± 0.1 (0.8–1.3) | – |
PUS/V–A% | 33.0 ± 3.5 (27.5–38.8) | – |
Distance from vulva to tail terminus | 95.5 ± 8.5 (79.0–112.0) | – |
Distance from vulva to anus (V–A) | 52.0 ± 6.2 (40.0–64.0) | – |
Anal body width | 12.0 ± 1.0 (10.0–13.8) | – |
Tail length | 43.0 ± 3.0 (39.0–48.0) | – |
Character | Female | Male |
---|---|---|
n | 14 | 7 |
Body length | 854.0 ± 116.1 (702.0–1091.0) | 804.0 ± 55.4 (714.0–864.0) |
a | 42.0 ± 2.5 (38.0–47.0) | 45.0 ± 6.3 (36.0–53.5) |
b | 6.0 ± 0.7 (5.0–7.6) | 6.0 ± 0.5 (5.0–6.5) |
c | 9.0 ± 0.9 (8.0–11.0) | 9.0 ± 0.9 (8.0–11.0) |
c’ | 7.0 ± 0.8 (5.4–8.5) | 6.0 ± 0.6 (6.0–7.0) |
MB | 40.0 ± 2.4 (36.0–46.0) | 40.0 ± 1.8 (37.0–41.0) |
V | 79.0 ± 2.1 (74.0–82.5) | – |
V’ | 89.0 ± 1.0 (80.3–90.0) | – |
Lip height | 3.0 ± 0.8 (2.0–5.5) | 6.0 ± 0.4 (5.0–6.5) |
Lip width | 6.0 ± 0.5 (5.5–7.5) | 2.3 ± 0.3 (2.0–3.0) |
Stylet length | 8.4 ± 0.5 (8.0–9.5) | 8.4 ± 0.3 (8.0–9.0) |
Median bulb length | 14.0 ± 1.5 (11.0–17.0) | 12.6 ± 1.6 (11.0–15.0) |
Median bulb width | 9.0 ± 1.0 (8.0–10.5) | 8.0 ± 1.3 (7.0–10.0) |
Distance from anterior end to secretory–excretory pore | 105.0 ± 7.1 (90.0–112.0) | 103.0 ± 2.1 (101.0–106.0) |
Distance from secretory–excretory pore to hemizonid | 3.6 ± 0.3 (3.0–4.0) | 3.7 ± 0.3 (3.2–4.0) |
Pharynx length | 139.0 ± 7.0 (126.0–148.0) | 138.0 ± 5.0 (132.0–146.0) |
Max body diam. | 20.0 ± 2.4 (17.0–24.0) | 18.0 ± 2.6 (15.0–21.0) |
Vulva body width (VBW) | 18.0 ± 1.3 (16.0–21.0) | – |
Postvulval uterine sac (PUS) length | 22.0 ± 3.2 (18.0–28.0) | – |
PUS/VBW | 1.2 ± 0.2 (1.0–1.5) | – |
PUS/V–A% | 28.0 ± 3.7 (17.5–32.0) | – |
Distance from vulva to tail terminus | 175.0 ± 24.3 (137.0–212.0) | – |
Distance from vulva to anus (V–A) | 82.0 ± 17.0 (60.0–119.0) | – |
Anal/cloacal body width | 13.5 ± 1.4 (11.0–16.0) | 14.0 ± 1.1 (13.0–16.0) |
Tail length | 94.0 ± 9.9 (75.0–107.0) | 89.0 ± 7.2 (75.0–96.0) |
Spicule length | – | 17.0 ± 1.9 (15.0–20.0) |
Gubernaculum length | – | 6.0 ± 0.7 (5.0–6.5) |
This Study | Gritsenko [41] | Brzeski [27] | Mirshekari and Abdollahi [45] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Location | Southern Alberta, Canada | Kyrgyzstan | Bialowieska National Park, Poland | Sweden | Northern Province, Iran | ||
Habitat | No-till field previously planted with grains | Potato, winter wheat | – | Coniferous litter | Moss | Moss | Vegetables, wheat |
n | 14 | – | 8 | 10 a | 4 | 11 a | 5 |
Body length | 854.0 (702–1091) | – | 646 (591–677) | 550–853 | 665 (625–732) | 552–770 | 644 (531–738) |
a | 42.0 (38–47) | – | 35 (29–40) | 31–44 | 37 (32–42) | 34–42 | 42 (38.6–46.2) |
b | 6.0 (5.0–7.6) | – | 4.6–5.0 | 4.1–6.8 | 4.9 (4.6–5.1) | 4.4–4.9 | 6.1 (5.2–7.2) |
c | 9.0 (8.0–11.0) | 9.0–12.9 | 10.3 (9.5–12.7) | 10.1–11.6 | 10.7 (10–11.2) | 9.7–12.2 | 12 (10.8–13.9) |
c’ | 7.0 (5.4–8.5) | 4.1–6.8 | 5.5 (4.4–6.0) | 4.6–6.0 | 5.8 (5.2–6.8) | 4.7–6.2 | 5.1 (4.4–6.0) |
MB | 40.0 (36–46) | – | 36–41 | 38–42 | 39–41 | 36–39 | 45.8 (37.5–55.2) |
V | 79.0 (74–82.5) | 76–82 | 77–79 | 75–82 | 77–79 | 76–79 | 79.9 (74.3–84) |
V’ | 89.0 (80.3–90) | – | 85–88 | 77–87 | 85-86 | 84–87 | – |
Stylet length | 8.4 (8.0–9.5) | 7–9 | 8 | 7.0–8.5 | 8 | 7.5–8.5 | 7.8 (7.5–8.1) |
Distance from anterior end to secretory–excretory pore | 105.0 (90–112) | – | 93 (87–97) | 81–103 | 91–101 | 85–93 | 88.3 (79–98) |
Pharynx length | 139.0 (126–148) | – | 134 (128–141) | 111–135 | 136 (129–145) | 126–146 | 106 (90–120) |
Postvulval uterine sac (PUS) length | 22.0 (18–28) | 18–37 | 25.1 (15–32.5) | ||||
Tail length | 94.0 (75–107) | 64 (53–69) | 47–95 | 63 (56–73) | 62 | 43.8 (49.3–60) |
Character | Females | Males |
---|---|---|
n | 45 | 5 |
Body length | 976.0 ± 64.4 (863.0–1097.0) | 810.0 ± 7.1 (800.0–819.0) |
a | 40.5 ± 4.3 (34.0–54.5) | 44.0 ± 4.7 (38.5–50.0) |
b | 7.0 ± 0.5 (5.7–8.1) | 6.2 ± 0.1 (6.1–6.4) |
c | 10.5 ± 0.8 (8.0–12.0) | 9.5 ± 1.1 (9.0–11.5) |
c’ | 6.0 ± 0.5 (5.2–7.7) | 6.5 ± 1.2 (5.0–8.0) |
MB | 37.0 ± 2.3 (29.5–42.0) | 38.7 ± 0.4 (38.0–39.0) |
V/T | 82.0 ± 1.2 (79.0–84.0) | 62.0 ± 3.9 (59.0–65.0) |
V’ | 91.0 ± 0.8 (88.0–92.0) | – |
Lip height | 2.4 ± 0.2 (2.0–3.0) | 2.1 ± 0.1 (2.0–2.5) |
Lip width | 5.9 ± 0.4 (5.0–7.0) | 5.4 ± 0.2 (5.0–6.0) |
Stylet length | 8.2 ± 0.3 (7.0–9.0) | 7.7 ± 0.4 (7.0–8.0) |
Median bulb length | 13.5 ± 1.4 (11.0–16.0) | 12.0 ± 2.0 (10.0–14.0) |
Median bulb width | 7.5 ± 0.7 (6.0–9.0) | 6.7 ± 0.6 (6.0–8.0) |
Distance from anterior end to secretory–excretory pore | 114.0 ± 6.3 (101.131.0) | 103.0 ± 2.1 (100.0–105.0) |
Distance from secretory–excretory pore to hemizonid | 3.8 ± 0.6 (2.6–5.0) | 3.5 ± 0.7 (3.0–4.0) |
Pharynx length | 143 ± 9.7 (130.0–170.0) | 130.4 ± 1.8 (128.0–133.0) |
Max body diam. | 24.5 ± 2.4 (20.0–30.0) | 18.4 ± 2.1 (16.0–21.0) |
Vulva body width (VBW) | 22.0 ± 1.5 (19.0–25.0 | – |
Postvulval uterine sac (PUS) length | 20.5 ± 2.7 (15.0–26.0) | – |
PUS/VBW | 0.9 ± 0.1 (0.6–1.2) | – |
PUS/V–A% | 25.5 ± 3.6 (19.0–37.0) | – |
Distance from vulva to tail terminus | 175.0 ± 10.3 (143.0–194.0) | – |
Distance from vulva to anus (V–A) | 81.0 ± 6.3 (63.0–94.0) | – |
Anal body width (ABW) | 15.7 ± 1.1 (13.5–18.0) | – |
Cloacal body width | – | 13.6 ± 2.7 (11.0–18.0) |
Tail length | 93.0 ± 5.4 (80.0–108.0) | 85.8 ± 8.5 (71.0–92.0) |
Spicule length | – | 20.3 ± 1.0 (19.0–21.0) |
Gubernaculum length | – | 6.2 ± 0.3 (6.0–6.5) |
This Study | Thorne and Malek [31] | Anderson [29] | Brzeski [27] | Karani et al. [48] | Hashemi and Karegar [16] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Location | Southern Alberta, Canada | South Dakota, USA | Manitoba, Canada | Oltarzew, Poland | Varna, Bulgaria | Northern Province, Iran | Southern Provinces, Iran |
Habitat | No-till field, previously planted with barley | Plowed field | Mushroom compost | Cultivated loamy soil | Rhizosphere of unidentified bush | Olive tree rhizosphere | – |
n | 45 | 1 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 9 | 9 |
Body length | 976.0 (863.0–1097.0) | 900 | 883 (736–1088) | 910 (831–998) | 677 (621–725) | 970 (919–1037) | 739 (638–907) |
a | 40.5 (34.0–54.5) | 36 | 42 (37–45) | 42 (35–52) | 41 (35–46) | 32.5 (25–36.5) | 38.3 (29.3–51.7) |
b | 7.0 (5.7–8.1) | 7.4 | 7.3 (5.3–8.9) | 6.8 (6.0–7.8) | 5.5 (5.0–5.8) | 6.2 (5.7–6.9) | 6.1 (5.2–8.0) |
c | 10.5 (8.0–12.0) | 12 | 9.6 (8.4–10.9) | 9.9 (9.6–10.3) | 11.4 (10.2–14.1) | 11.1 (9.0–12.0) | 11.5 (9.8–14.4) |
c’ | 6.0 (5.2–7.7) | – | 7.5 (5.8–8.8) | 7.0 (6.8–7.2) | 5.7 (5.0–6.3) | 5.2 (4.5–6.4) | 5.5 (4.5–7.4) |
MB | 37.0 (29.5–42.0) | – | – | 37 (35–38) | – | 36.0 (34.0–37.7) | 80.4 (79.0–82.7) |
V | 82.0 (79.0–84.0) | 81 | 81 (80–82) | 80–82 | 79–82 | 79.1 (76–81) | – |
Stylet length | 8.2 (7.0–9.0) | 12 | 8 (7–9) | 7.0–7.5 | 7.5 (7–8) | 7.7 (7–8) | 7.2 (7–8) |
Pharynx length | 143 (130.0–170.0) | – | 116–139 | 135 (128–144) | 122 (118–131) | 157 (146–164) | 123 (106–153) |
Distance from anterior end to secretory–excretory pore | 114.0 (101.0-131.0) | – | 97–108 | 106 (101–111) | 90 (83–100) | 116 (107–125) | – |
Max body diam. | 24.5 (20.0–30.0) | – | 16–22 | – | – | – | – |
Postvulval uterine sac (PUS) length | 20.5 (15.0–26.0) | – | 23–36 | – | – | 46 (40–52) | – |
Distance from vulva to anus | 81.0 (63.0–94.0) | – | 79–91 | – | – | – | – |
Tail length | 93.0 (80.0–108.0) | – | 59–88 | 92 (80–99) | 60 (52–69) | 88 (77–102) | 66.4 (55–92) |
Spicule length | – | – | 19– 20 | 20 | 18.5 (16–23) | 22.8 (22–23.5) | 18.5–19 |
Gubernaculum length | – | – | 5–6 | – | – | 8 | – |
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Munawar, M.; Rahman, A.U.; Castillo, P.; Yevtushenko, D.P. New Records of Ditylenchus Species from Southern Alberta, Canada. Plants 2023, 12, 998. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12050998
Munawar M, Rahman AU, Castillo P, Yevtushenko DP. New Records of Ditylenchus Species from Southern Alberta, Canada. Plants. 2023; 12(5):998. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12050998
Chicago/Turabian StyleMunawar, Maria, Atta Ur Rahman, Pablo Castillo, and Dmytro P. Yevtushenko. 2023. "New Records of Ditylenchus Species from Southern Alberta, Canada" Plants 12, no. 5: 998. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12050998
APA StyleMunawar, M., Rahman, A. U., Castillo, P., & Yevtushenko, D. P. (2023). New Records of Ditylenchus Species from Southern Alberta, Canada. Plants, 12(5), 998. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12050998