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Article

Dendrological Secrets of the Pazaislis Monastery in Central Lithuania: DNA Markers and Morphology Reveal Tilia × europaea L. Hybrids of an Impressive Age

by
Girmantė Jurkšienė
1,*,
Darius Danusevičius
2,
Rūta Kembrytė-Ilčiukienė
2 and
Virgilijus Baliuckas
1
1
Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Liepu Str. 1 Girionys, LT-53101 Kaunas, Lithuania
2
Faculty of Forest Sciences and Ecology, Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, K. Donelaičo g. 58, LT-44248 Kaunas, Lithuania
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Plants 2023, 12(20), 3567; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12203567
Submission received: 30 August 2023 / Revised: 9 October 2023 / Accepted: 11 October 2023 / Published: 13 October 2023
(This article belongs to the Collection Selected Papers from Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry)
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Abstract

:
We benefited from the availability of a species-specific DNA marker to describe the morphometry of T. cordata × platyphyllos hybrids of an impressive age (ca. 150 years) grown in the Pazaislis baroque monastery yard in Central Lithuania. In an earlier study on a country-wide set of 543 T. cordata individuals from natural forest populations in Lithuania, we detected a nuclear microsatellite locus Tc8 well-differentiating between T. cordata and T. platyphyllos. The Tc8 locus contained a 140 bp allele in T. cordata (541 sampled individuals) and alleles above 160 bp in the two trees with a T. platyphyllos-like morphology (sampled in a national park). To verify the Tc8 locus as species specific, we sampled a further four T. platyphyllos-like individuals, which all contained the Tc8 locus alleles above 160 bp. We subsequently genotyped the six old-growth individuals from the Pazaislis monastery with mixed T. cordata × platyphyllos morphology. Results revealed that all six old-growth Tilia individuals from the Pazaislis monastery were heterozygous for the Tc8 locus with alleles of 140 bp (indicative of T. cordata) and 162 bp (indicative of T. platyphyllos). This finding confirms the morphological observations that these individuals are hybrids between T. cordata and T. platyphyllos. Additionally, the genotyping of a set of 14 nuclear microsatellite loci revealed that all six trees from the Pazaislis monastery are clones, possessing identical microsatellite genotypes. After the molecular identification, we morphotyped leaves, bracts, twigs, and nuts of the 6 old-growth T. cordata × platyphyllos hybrids from the Pazaislis monastery, 16 T. cordata old-growth trees, 4 T. × europaea var. europaea ‘Pallida’ trees growing near the Pazaislis monastery, and 4 mature T. platyphyllos trees from a nearby Girionys park. The morphotyping showed that T. cordata × platyphyllos hybrids may be the easiest to distinguish from T. cordata by raised and horizontally tertiary veins of leaves.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

For many centuries, linden trees have been planted for forestry and ornamental purposes in northern Europe [1]. Among commonly used species were Tilia cordata Mill., T. platyphyllos Scop., and T. × europaea L. (the latter was the T. cordata × platyphyllos hybrid). Namely, the hybrids of various reciprocities exhibit a variety of morphological features, in this way inhibiting the correct dendrological identification of linden individuals. Finding robust morphological markers for the correct taxonomic identification of T. × europaea L. constitutes the main scientific problem addressed in our study.
Linden is a valuable forest and ornamental tree whose history is intertwined with the landscape, folklore, avenues of cities and parks, and beekeeping in many European countries [1,2]. Small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata Mill.) and large-leaved linden (T. platyphyllos Scop.) are native to most European countries, with a distribution range extending from southern Finland to southern Italy and the Caucasus. The natural distribution range of T. cordata is much wider, but it is widespread in Central and Eastern Europe. The natural presence of Tilia cordata extends to southern Norway and Finland in the north and up to 1500 m in the central Alps. T. platyphyllos has a smaller range that extends a little further south, but the northern half extends only to southern Sweden, with the eastern limit ending in central Europe [3,4]. These two linden species may naturally hybridize, and the hybrids are identified taxonomically as European linden (Tilia × europaea L., syn. T. × intermedia DC., and T. × vulgaris Hayne). Due to its longevity and ability to withstand pruning, T. × europaea were very common in the parks and gardens of Central and Northern Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries [5,6,7,8].
T. cordata was abundant in the forests around the Baltic Sea in the late Holocene until 3000 BC. A colder climate since the mid-Holocene is responsible for the decline in linden due to less favorable climate for seed germination and bee presence during pollination [9]. The decline in lindens may also have been due to farming in forest areas when large forests were cut down and forest management was carried out, for example, by afforestation or pollarding for fodder [10]. The subsequent cooling of the climate and the development of agriculture gradually reduced linden forests in Europe, in some places completely displacing them, in others leaving small and fragmented populations. The pollination, fruiting, and seed germination of linden trees are markedly reduced by unfavorably cool or even cold temperatures [11], which may have reduced their competitiveness with other forest tree species.
After the cooling following the warm Atlantic period in the Baltic countries and Poland, linden trees have survived in small, fragmented populations in forests and as single trees in homesteads, estates, and town parks [12,13,14,15,16,17,18]. Currently, as the climate is warming, favorable conditions for spreading linden back into forests occur both from native forest populations and from domesticated groups [12]. T. platyphyllos and T. × europaea are exotic species in Lithuania, mostly growing as decorative trees in parks and other urban places [13,19]. Lindens, as ornamental trees in streets and parks, remain among the most planted species in European cities [20]. Lindens are among the most resistant trees to water shortage, drought, pollution, and pruning [21]. The origin of T. platyphyllos and T. × europaea in Lithuania is unknown. The likely sources of the spreading of the exotic Tilia species are botanical gardens of neighboring countries. In such a way, the exotic Tilia species gradually spread to the territories of monasteries, cities, and towns of Lithuania. The few available genetic studies on the evolutionary origin of the naturally growing T. cordata populations in Lithuania revealed that the gene pool of these native trees has remained diverse, and the warming climate is favorable for the growth of linden trees [12].
The morphological identification of different linden species is complex, especially when the trees are young. Also, identifying species of adult trees is a complex issue, especially when hybrids combine parental traits, or when introgression occurs [1,7,22,23,24,25,26]. The use of dimensional characteristics (leaf length, width, etc.) unfortunately did not help distinguish linden species, especially the hybrids [27]. Meanwhile, Andrianjara et al. [28], who performed a comparison of morphological and genetic analysis, stated that morphological characteristics are an important tool for linden species identification.
Chemotaxonomic and genetic markers can also be used to identify linden trees. A comprehensive validated ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with the diode array detection (DAD) mass spectrometry method (uhplc-dad-ms/ms) was used to distinguish the five most important Tilia species in Europe based on phytochemical analyses of extracts prepared from their flowers [29]. However, in this case, T. cordata was distinguished from T. platyphyllos, and T. × europaea overlapped with T. platyphyllos. Different molecular analyses showed differentiation between both species and their naturally occurring hybrids (T. × europaea) is easily distinguished [23,26,28,30]. Genetic studies can be useful for species genetic profiling of trees, identifying existing clones in an area, and assessing potential disease risk [28].
In this study, we compared the morphological characteristics of old-growth T. × europaea trees, which grew in the Pazaislis monastery for about 150 years and were identified by the DNA microsatellite method as the hybrids between T. cordata and T. platyphyllos, with the other linden species growing around the monastery. As a control, we studied samples of T. cordata and T. platyphyllos trees growing in a park near the Pazaislis monastery. Our study will expand the knowledge regarding the possibility of using morphometric markers as a simple and quick method for linden hybrid identification. The main objective of our study is to find simple and effective morphometric markers for the identification of T. cordata and T. platyphyllos hybrids.

2. Results and Discussion

Based on the key descriptor for Tilia species (Table S1) and the morphometric analysis of leaves and bracts, our specimens could be divided into four morpho-groups that correspond to four Tilia species, including the two hybrid species (Table 1, Table 2, and Table S2). When identifying the Tilia species, the morphometric traits of leaves and nut morphology traits were the most important. Note, however, that our results primarily apply to northerly Europe, whereas elsewhere, drastically different adaptive environments may lead to deviations in the morphometric trait values reported in our study.
In the sampling site of the Pazaislis monastery, the morphometry-based taxonomy of Tilia individuals was as follows (Table 1, Table 2, and Table S2): (a) the six old-growth trees from the front yard of the Pazaislis monastery (that, based on the DNA markers, were identified as T. × europaea) were identified as T. × europaea; outside the monastery yard no T. × europaea was found among the sampled Tilia sp. trees based on our morphometric descriptor (Figure 1), (b) the four old-growth trees of T. × europaea var. europaea ‘Pallida’ growing immediately outside the monastery fence (Figure 1) and (c) the remaining 15 old growth trees were identified as T. cordata (Figure 1). In Girionys park, the sampled Tilia species were morphometrically identified as (a) T. platyphyllos, the three trees that were assigned as T. platyphyllos by the DNA markers; and (b) T. cordata, all the remaining trees studied in Girionys park.
Morphologically, the T. × europaea var. europaea ‘Pallida’ individuals strongly differentiated from the remaining Tilia species by the obliquely truncated leaf base (unlike other Tilia species with cordate leaves) and the presence of epicormic shoots on the stems.
The T. platyphyllos individuals from Girionys park could morphometrically be assigned to T. platyphyllos subsp. cardifolia. The T. platyphyllos individuals were easily distinguished by white, bristly, long, visible hairs on current year’s shoots, leaves, and even petioles. The upper side of their leaves was slightly hairy at the veins, while the other species had no hairs on the upper side of the leaves (Table 1, section A). The leaf margins of T. platyphyllos were ciliated (Table 1, section B5).
In the T. × europaea individuals from the Pazaislis monastery front yard, the marginal leaf teeth were intermediate between T. cordata and T. platyphyllos. The latter finding agrees well with [28], who described in their study that T. cordata and T. × europaea are difficult to distinguish based on the marginal leaf teeth. The T. platyphyllos individuals were distinguished by sharply pointed teeth. On the underside of the leaves, T. cordata was outstanding in its bluish-green color and brownish hairs at the base of the lamina and in the branches of the veins (Table 1, section B). In T. × europaea and T. platyphyllos, the lower side of the leaves was green, and the hairs were lighter, but T. platyphyllos had hairs not only in the branches of the veins but also in the veins. The third-row veins of T. × europaea were prominent and horizontal like in T platyphyllos. This could be one of the most striking morphometric markers distinguishing T. cordata from T. × europaea (Table 1, section B4).
The petiole of T. platyphyllos differs from the other Tilia species by its hairiness (Table 1, section C). Last-year twigs differed markedly among all the Tilia species (Table 1, section D). The twigs of T. platyphyllos were green, with stellate hairs, the stomas slightly raised, and those for T. cordata were pink, glabrous, with narrow stomas. Meanwhile, T. × europaea twigs were intermediate in color, with wider stomas than T. cordata, and the stomas were not raised. The buds of T. × europaea are more like those of T. platyphyllos (Table 1, section E).
The hairiness of the bracts could be another morphometric marker well discriminating among the Tilia species. The bracts of T. cordata and T. × europaea var. europaea ‘Pallida’ were glabrous, T. × europaea and T. platyphyllos had hairs at the base of the pedicle, and T. platyphyllos contained hairs on the lower side of the bracts on the midvein.
The T. platyphyllos individuals contained the largest flowers with bright yellow petioles, sharp sepals, as well as large pistils and stamens (Table 1, section G), whereas the petioles of the other Tilia species studied were light yellow in color. Flowers of the T. × europaea var. europaea ‘Pallida’ individuals were the smallest. The T. × europaea individuals are distinguished by narrower flowers than those of T. cordata and by intermediately sized pistils if compared with the parental species.
Hardiness, ribs, and the size of the nuts can also be used to identify Tilia species (Table 1, section H). Nuts of T. platyphyllos were the largest in diameter, hard to crush, spheroid to broadly obovoid, with prominent ribs. Nuts of T. cordata were the smallest, spheroid or obovoid, without prominent ribs, and nuts of T. × europaea have average parameters. Meanwhile, the nuts of T. × europaea var. europaea ‘Pallida’ are more like those of T. cordata with the more prominent ribs.
The ANOVA analysis revealed highly significant differences among the Tilia species in all the morphometric traits (Table 3). According to the Tukey LSD test, T. cordata exhibited the strongest differentiation from the other Tilia species (Table 3). Additionally, T. × europaea var. europaea ‘Pallida’ displayed a significant difference from the other Tilia species, specifically by containing the largest bract PL. The statistical differences between the Tilia species in the leaf traits were stronger than in the other morphometric traits measured. All the Tilia species were significantly different in the BL, AL, and LA25 variables. Most of the morphometric traits measured (LWA, BL, PMP, MPW, LWA/PL, and LWA/MPW) possessed higher values for T. platyphyllos and T. × europaea var. europaea ‘Pallida’ species. T. platyphyllos differs from the rest by low AL. Meanwhile, T. × europaea morphometric traits were intermediate or alike to T. cordata.
The PCA analysis showed that the first two principal components explained 71% of the total variation in the morphometric traits. The first principal component is strongly positively and negatively associated with BL, LWA, PMP, LWA_MPW, LA10, and LA25 traits, respectively. The second principal component mainly represents the variation in MPW and, to a lesser extent, the variation in LA25, PL, and LA10 traits (Figure 2). The traits MPW and PL were of the utmost importance for differentiating T. platyphyllos, while the traits LWA_MPW and LA25 LA10 were crucial for distinguishing T. × europaea var. europaea ‘Pallida’ individuals. The PCA plots indicate that species T. cordata and T. × europaea cluster into a single group, while the T. platyphyllos and T. × europaea var. europaea ‘Pallida’ individuals cluster into separate groups (Figure 2). The following morphometric traits were important for differentiating these PCA species groups: LWA, BL, and LWA_MPW (Figure S1B); LA1, AL, and LA2 (Figure S1C); PMP, MPW, and LWA_PL (Figure S1D); LA1, PL, and PMP (Figure S1E); and BL, LA2, and AL (Figure S1F).
The local environment can have a significant effect on the growth of trees, their response to environmental conditions, and genetic variability within a species [7,28,31,32]. For example, in the color of twigs and leaves, the shape of leaves can change depending on the light regime. Therefore, for morphological identification, tree samples must be collected simultaneously and from similar solar exposure in the same section of the crown, and Tilia species taxonomy must rely on more markers than the color of the twigs alone. Here, DNA markers are very helpful, as in our case, a clear molecular separation of T. cordata and T. platyphyllos at the Tc8 microsatellite locus. Consequently, the hybrid T. × europaea must be a homozygote at the Tc8 locus containing a species-specific allele from each of the parent species. In agreement with the molecular identification, the T. europaea individuals exhibited intermediate/parental morphology in the color of the twigs of the first year, the color of the petiole, the size of the nuts, and their hardiness. However, not all the morphological and morphometric characteristics of the T. × europaea shoots were intermediate between the parental species. The following shoot morphometry of the T. × europaea was closer to the T. platyphyllos: the color of the leaf lower side, the hair color, the horizontality and raise of the tertiary veins, the number of bud scales, and the hairiness of the bract at the base. Meanwhile, the following morphology traits of T. × europaea were more similar to T. cordata: the shape and size of the leaf, the hairless upper side of the leaf, the hairiness of the lower side of the leaf, the shape of the marginal teeth, and the hairless petiole. Pigott [33] described the tertiary veins as moderately raised in hybrids, but in our case, they were raised, and this was confirmed by Ramanauskas [34]. Since our samples were collected in August, we could not assess the hairiness of leaf veins, petiole, and twigs, which Piggot [33] estimated as intermediate since some of the hairs had already fallen by this time.
Plants 12 03567 g003
Figure 3. The morphometric traits of bracts (a) and leaves (b) of Tilia sp. measured with WinFolia (2016).
Figure 3. The morphometric traits of bracts (a) and leaves (b) of Tilia sp. measured with WinFolia (2016).
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Meanwhile, the T. europaea var. europaea ‘Pallida’ was like the T. cordata in the following traits: nut shape and hardness, non-hairy bracts, non-hairy twigs and petioles, and non-hairy veins. The marginal teeth of the leaves were similar to those of the T. platyphyllos. It was distinguished by a truncated leaf base, little or no hairs on the branching veins, and a dark red petiole. When evaluating the leaf morphometry, the traits of T. cordata and T. × europaea overlapped. Meanwhile, T. × europaea var. europaea ‘Pallida’ and T. platyphyllos differed from these LWA_MPW and PMP. T. × europaea var. europaea ‘Pallida’ differed from the other limes in L A10 and AL, while the AL of the T. platyphyllos was the lowest. These traits can be used together with morphological ones to distinguish linden tree species.
Based on DNA markers, the T. × europaea growing in the Pazaislis monastery were identified as copies of a single individual (clones). It is likely that they were grafted. However, no morphologically similar lindens were found in the park around this monastery. Indicating that those six T. × europaea individuals were planted on purpose. Most of the lindens growing around the monastery are T. cordata. Often, the problem in cities and parks is that the trees planted for aesthetic purposes are trees of a single clone, as is the case in the Pazaislis monastery. This reduces the genetic diversity of urban trees and makes the trees less resistant to diseases and pests [28,35].

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. DNA Study

While carrying out a country-wide genetic study on 543 adult T. cordata trees in Lithuania based on nuclear microsatellite markers [12], we identified a nuclear microsatellite locus Tc8 unambiguously discriminating between T. cordata, T. platyphyllos. The set of nuclear microsatellite loci was developed for genetic studies of T. cordata by [12,22]. Danusevicius et al. [13] found that the microsatellite locus Tc8 was fixed to a 140 bp allele in T. cordata (541 sampled individuals) and amplified alleles above 160 bp in two trees with T. platyphyllos-like morphology (sampled in a national park). In the present study, our intention was to use this Tc8 locus to investigate the taxonomy of six old-growth Tilia trees growing in the Pazaislis monastery yard (Kaunas, central Lithuania N 54°52′37.00″ E 24°1′13.54″). Each of these six trees had a disputed taxonomy, with uncertainty regarding whether they belonged to T. cordata or T. platyphyllos.
To verify the nuclear microsatellite Tc8 locus as an efficient species-specific marker, we used the Tc8 microsatellite locus to genotype further four T. platyphyllos individuals from Girionys park (Kaunas, central Lithuania) located ca. 10 km away from the old-growth Tilia trees in the Pazaislis monastery. Additionally, we used a set of 14 nuclear microsatellite loci to study genetic associations between the six old growth Tilia cordata trees from the front yard of the Pazaislis monastery (the loci are further described in [12] and the references therein). The DNA extraction, PCR, and capillary electrophoresis procedures are described in detail [12]. Briefly, the DNA was extracted from fresh leaves according to a modified ATMAB protocol. The PCR was run on Applied Biosystems Thermo Cycler GeneAmp PCA System 9700 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) as follows: initial denaturation step at 95 °C for 15 min, followed by 25 cycles each of 94 °C for 30 s, annealing temperature at 54 °C for 1 min, 30 s, and extension at 72 °C for 30 s, followed by the final extension step at 60 °C for 30 min.; the PCR products were separated by capillary electrophoresis on ABI PRISM™ 310 genetic analyzer (Lincoln Centre Drive, Foster City, CA 94404 USA) and the alleles were scored on GENEMAPPER soft. Ver. 4.1. The microsatellite genotyping revealed that all four T. platyphyllos trees contained alleles above 160 bp at the Tc8 microsatellite locus. We concluded that the nuclear microsatellite locus Tc8 is an efficient DNA marker for discrimination between T. cordata and T. platyphyllos. We subsequently genotyped the six old-growth individuals from the Pazaislis monastery with mixed T. cordata × platyphyllos morphology by using a set of 14 genomic microsatellite markers earlier used by [12] and developed by [22] (including the Tc8 locus). All four individuals of T. platyphyllos from Girionys park that were genotyped, and the six-old growth T. cordata × platyphyllos hybrids from the Pazaislis monastery were later selected for the morphometric evaluation.

3.2. Morphometric Study

For the morphometric study in September 2022, twigs with fruits and leaves and at the end of June 2023, twigs with flowers were collected from 31 mature Tilia spp. Trees growing in two parks located in Kaunas city, central Lithuania: (a) six old-growth T. × europaea trees in the Pazaislis monastery front yard (the same individuals as were genotyped and based on Tc8 locus assigned as T. × europaea), 16 old-growth trees of T. cordata (not genotyped), and 4 old-growth trees of T. europaea var. europaea ‘Pallida’ (not genotyped), all growing in the Pazaislis monastery park (N 54°52′37.00″ E 24°1′13.54″); and (b) 3 mature trees of T. platyphyllos (that were genotyped and based on Tc8 locus assigned to T. platyphyllos) and 2 mature trees of T. cordata in Girionys park near Kaunas (not genotyped) (Figure 1). The leaves were sampled within a few day intervals to avoid deviations due to color variation of the leaves and twigs [28].
To prepare samples, two sun-exposed twigs with fruits were collected from the lower part of the crown (2–5 m above the ground). The best-preserved twigs with leaves and fruits were selected and dried by pressing samples within folded newsprints for several days. All the collected specimens were assigned to the correct Tilia species by using the morphology identification key of De Langhe [36]. This key is based solely on vegetative characteristics. We also considered a monograph by Pigott [7] (2012) describing the morphology of all vegetative and reproductive structures of twigs. We also used morphological descriptions of linden species (Tilia L. spp.) that were described by [34,37] in our assessments. Based on the descriptors of the above-mentioned authors, we constructed and used a key for the morphological identification of Tilia species (Table S1). The morphological identification of linden trees was based on the combination of several criteria. We paid attention to the color of the leaf’s upper side, the leaf’s form, the teeth of the leaf’s margin, the color of petiole and twigs, and determined the number of pairs of secondary veins of leaves, the number of bud scales, the length of the upper scale (more or less than half the length of the bud), hardness, and the shape of nuts. A 400× Series Digital Microscope (EduScience, London, UK) was used to evaluate the hairs on the surface of the leaves, petioles, bracts, and twigs.

3.3. Morphometric Measurements

Leaf morphometric traits of 31 linden trees with 10 to 12 leaves and 3–5 bracts per tree were scanned and assessed: T. cordata (18 trees), T. × europaea (6 trees), T. × europaea var. europaea ‘Pallida’ (4 trees) and T. platyphyllos (3 trees, all genotyped). The leaf mean values of the morphometric traits were used as units of observation in the data analysis. In the morphometric investigation, we chose 8 leaf and 4 bract traits for identifying the linden species. The WinFolia 2016 Leaf analyzer program, Basic version (Regent Instruments Inc., Quebec, QC, Canada) was used to score these traits (Table 4, Figure 3). We also used the following computed variables for bract and leave morphometry: ratio BL/PL for bracts and ratio LWA/MPW and LWA/PL for leaves (Table 4).
We used the SAS 9.4 software, using the PROC MEANS procedure for the descriptive statistic (mean, standard deviation). The PROC GLM procedure with Tukey’s least significant difference test was used for the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine the species effect on the bract and leaf morphometric traits. We used PROC PRINCOMP, PROC CORR, and PROC SGPLOT procedures for the calculation and visualization of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to evaluate which morphometric traits best correspond to the different species of the linden genus [38].
Nuts of the Tilia species were compared on the basis of their hardiness and presence, as well as the sharpness of the nut ribs (Table S2). For flowers, we scored the color of the petioles and shape, as well as the size of the flower structures.

4. Conclusions

The morphological key for distinguishing T. × europaea individuals from their parental species of T. cordata and T. platyphyllos is as follows: intermediate leaf size between the two parental species; the purely green color of the lower side of the leaves (lower side of leaves of T. cordata is bluish green); surface leaf hairiness is similar to that of T. cordata, but the hair at the vein basis at the upper side of the leaves are much lighter in color (T. cordata contains brownish hair at the vein basis); the third-row veins are bold and horizontal (in contrast to T. cordata); hairless leaf petiole (haired leaf petiole only in T. platyphyllos); terminal buds contain three scales and are smaller than buds of T. platyphyllos. There is a small patch of simple hairs in the axil of the peduncle, and this way, it differs from that of T. cordata; the hardiness and ribs of the nuts are intermediate between the parental species, and there are relatively lower values for morphometric traits of LWA, BL, and LWA_MPW.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/plants12203567/s1. Table S1: Identification key of Tilia platyphyllos, T. × europaea, and T. cordata; Table S2: Morphometric traits of observed Tilia sp. In the Pazaislis and Girionys parks; Figure S1: Different combinations of morphometric traits in 3D scatter plot.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, D.D. and V.B.; methodology, D.D. and G.J.; formal analysis, G.J.; DNA study, R.K.-I., D.D. and V.B., morphometric study G.J.; writing—original draft preparation, G.J.; writing—review and editing, D.D. and G.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript [39].

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available within the article and in Supplementary Materials Tables S1 and S2 and Figure S1.

Acknowledgments

The material presented in the article was collected during the long-term LAMMC research program “Sustainable Forestry and Global Change”.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Plants 12 03567 g001
Figure 1. Location of the Tilia sp. individuals sampled in the two parks in central Lithuania: (a) location within Lithuania, (b) location in the city of Kaunas, (c) the samples in the Pazaislis park, (d) the samples in Girionys park. Species coded by cycle color (morphologically assigned): grey—Tilia cordata Mill.; green—T. platyphyllos Scop.; red—T. × europaea L.; yellow—T. × europaea var. europaea ‘Pallida’.
Figure 1. Location of the Tilia sp. individuals sampled in the two parks in central Lithuania: (a) location within Lithuania, (b) location in the city of Kaunas, (c) the samples in the Pazaislis park, (d) the samples in Girionys park. Species coded by cycle color (morphologically assigned): grey—Tilia cordata Mill.; green—T. platyphyllos Scop.; red—T. × europaea L.; yellow—T. × europaea var. europaea ‘Pallida’.
Plants 12 03567 g001
Plants 12 03567 g002
Figure 2. Results of the principal component analysis (PCA) on the morphometric traits of Tilia leaves: (a) scatter plot of individual observations on Tilia specimens based on the two first principal components, (b) description of the principal components (Wicklin 2019). The abbreviations of Tilia species (S) are explained in Table 1, and the abbreviations of the traits are in Table 4.
Figure 2. Results of the principal component analysis (PCA) on the morphometric traits of Tilia leaves: (a) scatter plot of individual observations on Tilia specimens based on the two first principal components, (b) description of the principal components (Wicklin 2019). The abbreviations of Tilia species (S) are explained in Table 1, and the abbreviations of the traits are in Table 4.
Plants 12 03567 g002
Table 1. Comparison of the morphometric traits of the three Tilia species identified in the samples collected in the Pazaislis monastery park and Girionys park.
Table 1. Comparison of the morphometric traits of the three Tilia species identified in the samples collected in the Pazaislis monastery park and Girionys park.
Tilia cordata (TC)Tilia × europaea (TE)Tilia × europaea var. europaea ‘Pallida’ (TEP)Tilia platyphyllos (TP)
A. Upper side of leaf
Plants 12 03567 i001Plants 12 03567 i002Plants 12 03567 i003Plants 12 03567 i004
Plants 12 03567 i005Plants 12 03567 i006Plants 12 03567 i007Plants 12 03567 i008
B. Lower side of leaf
B1. Whole leaf
Plants 12 03567 i009Plants 12 03567 i010Plants 12 03567 i011Plants 12 03567 i012
B2. Base of main veins
Plants 12 03567 i013Plants 12 03567 i014Plants 12 03567 i015Plants 12 03567 i016
B3. Branches of veins
Plants 12 03567 i017Plants 12 03567 i018Plants 12 03567 i019Plants 12 03567 i020
B4. Third-row veins
Plants 12 03567 i021Plants 12 03567 i022Plants 12 03567 i023Plants 12 03567 i024
B5. Leaf margin
Plants 12 03567 i025Plants 12 03567 i026Plants 12 03567 i027Plants 12 03567 i028
C. Petiole
Plants 12 03567 i029Plants 12 03567 i030Plants 12 03567 i031Plants 12 03567 i032
D. Twigs
Plants 12 03567 i033Plants 12 03567 i034Plants 12 03567 i035Plants 12 03567 i036
E. Buds
Plants 12 03567 i037Plants 12 03567 i038Plants 12 03567 i039Plants 12 03567 i040
F.Bract
F1. Lower side
Plants 12 03567 i041Plants 12 03567 i042Plants 12 03567 i043Plants 12 03567 i044
F2. Upper side
Plants 12 03567 i045Plants 12 03567 i046Plants 12 03567 i047Plants 12 03567 i048
G. Flowers
Plants 12 03567 i049Plants 12 03567 i050Plants 12 03567 i051Plants 12 03567 i052
Plants 12 03567 i053Plants 12 03567 i054Plants 12 03567 i055Plants 12 03567 i056
H. Nuts
Plants 12 03567 i057Plants 12 03567 i058Plants 12 03567 i059Plants 12 03567 i060
Table 2. The main values of the main morphological traits of Tilia species from the samples collected in the Pazaislis monastery park and Girionys park (TC—Tilia cordata, TE—T. × europaea, TEP—T. × europaea var. europaea ’Pallida’, TP—T. platyphyllos).
Table 2. The main values of the main morphological traits of Tilia species from the samples collected in the Pazaislis monastery park and Girionys park (TC—Tilia cordata, TE—T. × europaea, TEP—T. × europaea var. europaea ’Pallida’, TP—T. platyphyllos).
NoSpeciesTCTETEPTP
1Nut form, fragility, ribsObovoid/spheroid, fragile, blurredSpheroid/ellipsoid, average hard, average brightSpheroid/obovoid, fragile, slightly brightSpheroid/obovoid, hard, bright
2Bract: petiole on lower/upper side, Length (cm)−/−, 6–7−/+, 8–9−/−, 8–9±/+, 7–8
3Leaf form: Width × length (cm); base6.5 × 5.5, cordate6.6 × 5.5, cordate7 × 7, semicordate8 × 7.5, shallowly to deeply cordate
4Veins: third row (raised/horizontal or no), secondary (number of pairs)−, 5–6+, 7–8−/+, 6–7+, 7–9
5Number of bud scales, Size of the outer scale (part from bud)2
1/2		3
<1/2		2–3
≥1/2		3, ≤1/2
6Upper part of leaf hairinessNoNoNoYes, at base (rare), veins and petiole (dense)
7Lower part of leaf color, hairinessPale green; brown stellate hairs in veins axilsGreen; light brown stellate hairs in veins axilsPale green; light brown stellate hairs in base and some veins axilsGreen; white, dense fasciculate in axils, and medium density simple hairs in secondary and third row veins, and on petiole
8Marginal teethSubacuteSubacuteApiculate/subacuteApiculate
Table 3. Descriptive statistics (range, mean, and standard devotion) and results of the ANOVA on the species effect on the morphometric traits, as well as the result of the Turkey LSD test, where the different letters show significant differences in morphometric traits between the Tilia species sampled in the two Lithuania parks.
Table 3. Descriptive statistics (range, mean, and standard devotion) and results of the ANOVA on the species effect on the morphometric traits, as well as the result of the Turkey LSD test, where the different letters show significant differences in morphometric traits between the Tilia species sampled in the two Lithuania parks.
Morphometric Traits *, cmTC **TETEPTPR2F Valuep
Min–Max
Mean ± SD (n − 1)
Turkey Index
Bracts
Total number of measured bracts85302014
BL2.79–10.107.24–10.197.37–10.485.56–9.720.2616.55<0.0001
6.85 ± 1.598.48 ± 0.858.56 ± 7.377.98 ± 1.05
baaa
BL_PL0.86–27.420.89–11.971.82–5.743.98–28.220.2415.07<0.0001
5.19 ± 3.946.59 ± 2.193.41 ± 1.1011.78 ± 7.18
bbca
PW900.28–1.931.04–1.880.99–2.070.89–1.700.1810.47<0.0001
1.14 ± 0.321.45 ± 0.171.39 ± 0.301.30 ± 0.27
baaab
PL0.19–6.860.74–9.071.63–4.640.27–1.400.1710.23<0.0001
1.76 ± 0.931.58 ± 1.442.75 ± 0.860.87 ± 0.37
bbcac
MPW
Leaves
Total number of measured leaves180604535
LWA3.24–7.314.60–6.715.75–9.425.49–10.050.51109.73<0.0001
5.52 ± 0.785.53 ± 0.437.31 ± 0.797.58 ± 1.36
bbaa
BL4.53–9.155.45–7.916.91–10.496.19–10.810.4690.84<0.0001
6.81 ± 0.896.69 ± 0.538.88 ± 0.878.34 ± 1.30
cdab
LWA_MPW0.71–1.090.75–0.950.86–1.260.83–1.110.4587.89<0.0001
0.86 ± 0.080.84 ± 0.051.03 ± 0.090.97 ± 0.06
ccab
LA10132–158147–157128–152144–1570.3660.13<0.0001
151.28 ± 4.5152.23 ± 2.27142.24 ± 5.8149.31 ± 3.45
abacb
AL0.43–2.110.61–1.510.36–2.590.23–1.310.3556.51<0.0001
1.30 ± 0.291.16 ± 0.181.57 ± 0.380.76 ± 0.28
bcad
PMP1.05–3.241.65–3.011.65–3.751.32–4.160.3453.69<0.0001
1.96 ± 0.432.19 ± 0.312.85 ± 0.482.66 ± 0.80
cbaa
LA25107–132118–131104–123115–1270.3351.74<0.0001
122.29 ± 5.4124.32 ± 3.12113.42 ± 4.88120.91 ± 3.09
cadb
MPW3.85–9.445.53–7.735.87–9.575.86–10.040.1620.29<0.0001
6.45 ± 1.056.63 ± 0.527.12 ± 0.987.79 ± 1.30
ccbba
LWA_PL0.60–2.170.67–2.120.77–2.280.73–2.470.1012.24<0.0001
1.45 ± 0.271.57 ± 0.251.67 ± 0.231.63 ± 0.32
baaa
PL2.24–9.422.52–8.463.18–9.583.32–11.920.0910.28<0.0001
3.98 ± 1.133.66 ± 1.064.45 ± 0.924.94 ± 1.93
bccaba
* Description of morphometric traits shown in Table 4. ** Description of linden species shown in Table 1.
Table 4. List of morphometric traits of leaves and bracts measured for the studied trees of Tilia sp. (depicted in Figure 3).
Table 4. List of morphometric traits of leaves and bracts measured for the studied trees of Tilia sp. (depicted in Figure 3).
No.Morphometric TraitsAbbreviation
1Blade length, cmBL
2Apex length, cmAL
3Blade length without apex, cmLWA
4Maximum blade width, measured perpendicular to blade, cmMPW
5Length to position where maximum blade width, cmPMP
6Blade width perpendicular to blade length at 90% blade length, cmPW90
7The Blade Lobe Angle at 10% Blade Length, degreeLA10
8The Blade Lobe Angle at 25% Blade Length, degreeLA25
9The Petiole Length, cmPL
Derived variables
10Ratio (Blade length and petiole length) (1/9)BL_PL
11Ratio (Blade length without apex and Maximum blade width) (3/4)LWA_MPW
12Ratio (Blade length without apex and Petiole Length (3/9)LWA_PL
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Jurkšienė, G.; Danusevičius, D.; Kembrytė-Ilčiukienė, R.; Baliuckas, V. Dendrological Secrets of the Pazaislis Monastery in Central Lithuania: DNA Markers and Morphology Reveal Tilia × europaea L. Hybrids of an Impressive Age. Plants 2023, 12, 3567. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12203567

AMA Style

Jurkšienė G, Danusevičius D, Kembrytė-Ilčiukienė R, Baliuckas V. Dendrological Secrets of the Pazaislis Monastery in Central Lithuania: DNA Markers and Morphology Reveal Tilia × europaea L. Hybrids of an Impressive Age. Plants. 2023; 12(20):3567. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12203567

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jurkšienė, Girmantė, Darius Danusevičius, Rūta Kembrytė-Ilčiukienė, and Virgilijus Baliuckas. 2023. "Dendrological Secrets of the Pazaislis Monastery in Central Lithuania: DNA Markers and Morphology Reveal Tilia × europaea L. Hybrids of an Impressive Age" Plants 12, no. 20: 3567. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12203567

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