Cover Crop Yield, Nutrient Storage and Release under Different Cropping Technologies in the Sustainable Agrosystems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. The Influence of Cover Crop Types, Their Sowing Methods, and the Fertilization of Main Cropss and the Use of Straw as Fertilizer on Cover Biomass and Accumulated Nutrient Content
2.2. Influence of Cover Crops on Soil Mineral N Variation in Autumn and Spring
2.3. Nutrient Release from CC Shoot Biomass to Subsequent Crops
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Experimental Sites
3.2. Meteorological Conditions
3.3. Experimental Designs and Details
3.4. Plant and Soil Analyses
3.5. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Experiment (E) | Main Crop (MC) | Cover Crop (CC) | Biomass | N | P | K |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
kg ha−1 DM | ||||||
Ia | WW | WM | 3141 ± 183 | 72.8 ± 6.4 | 3.7 ± 0.3 | 65.3 ± 3.9 |
RC | 6050 ± 185 ** | 184.9 ± 12.3 ** | 31.4 ± 0.7 ** | 199.0 ± 5.8 ** | ||
SB | WM | 4580 ± 131 ** | 111.7 ± 2.6 ** | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 101.0 ± 7.6 ** | |
RC | 6590 ± 151 ** | 250.8 ± 13.7 ** | 30.3 ± 0.6 ** | 276.1 ± 5.8 ** | ||
Ib | WW | WM | 1032 ± 190 ** | 16.4 ± 4.4 ** | 2.8 ± 0.5 | 21.2 ± 3.7 ** |
RC | 348 ± 66 ** | 9.3 ± 1.9 ** | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 7.6 ± 1.5 ** | ||
SB | WM | 210 ± 21 ** | 5.8 ± 0.2 ** | 0.5 ± 0.1 * | 3.8 ± 0.5 ** | |
RC | 220 ± 18 ** | 6.3 ± 0.6 ** | 0.4 * ± 0.0 | 7.2 ± 0.7 ** | ||
Ic | WW | WM | 1030 ± 188 ** | 20.2 ± 4.1 ** | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 21.3 ± 3.8 ** |
RC | 3020 ± 740 | 86.2 ± 22.2 | 11.4 ± 3.3 ** | 82.5 ± 19.5 | ||
SB | WM | 1782 ± 70 ** | 46.9 ± 2.7 | 3.6 ± 0.1 | 48.7 ± 2.7 | |
RC | 3275 ± 57 | 117.2 ± 2.3 ** | 10.5 ± 0.2 ** | 98.6 ± 1.6 ** | ||
Probability (p) level of the factors and their interaction | ||||||
E (2) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
MC (1) | <0.05 | <0.001 | ns | <0.001 | ||
CC (1) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
ExMC (2) | <0.01 | 0.001 | ns | <0.001 | ||
ExCC (2) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
MCxCC (1) | ns | ns | ns | ns | ||
ExMCxCC (2) | ns | ns | ns | <0.05 |
Experiment (E) | Straw Use (SU) | Cover Crops and Sowing Methods (CC) | Biomass | N | P | K |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
kg ha−1 DM | ||||||
IIa | WS | WMps | 1150 ± 68 | 38.9 ± 2.4 | 6.7 ± 0.5 | 34.8 ± 2.1 |
WMus | 1040 ± 272 | 38.7 ± 10.1 | 6.5 ± 1.6 | 28.8 ± 7.7 | ||
RCus | 2100 ± 171 ** | 60.4 ± 3.5 ** | 6.9 ± 0.5 | 50.0 ± 4.2 * | ||
S | WMps | 1640 ± 58 * | 53.1 ± 1.7 * | 8.4 ± 0.3 | 51.3 ± 1.9 * | |
WMus | 1140 ± 79 | 34.0 ± 2.3 | 4.7 ± 0.3 * | 26.0 ± 1.7 | ||
RCus | 2210 ± 98 ** | 62.7 ± 2.3 ** | 7.3 ± 0.6 | 44.8 ± 1.8 | ||
IIb | WS | WMps | 3680 ± 83 ** | 103.7 ± 0.3 ** | 15.4 ± 0.5 ** | 149.8 ± 4.7 ** |
WMus | 5070 ± 87 ** | 152.6 ± 3.5 ** | 19.2 ± 0.3 ** | 168.8 ± 1.2 ** | ||
NLps | 1990 ± 50 ** | 58.3 ± 1.7 ** | 6.6 ± 0.4 | 49.8 ± 1.3 * | ||
S | WMps | 3920 ± 72 ** | 152.5 ± 3.4 ** | 16.2 ± 0.4 ** | 142.7 ± 3.3 ** | |
WMus | 5119 ± 105 ** | 201.8 ± 5.8 ** | 20.2 ± 0.4 ** | 189.0 ± 6.7 ** | ||
NLps | 2270 ± 324 ** | 66.6 ± 9.2 ** | 7.2 ± 1.1 | 50.4 ± 8.4 * | ||
Probability (p) level of the factors and their interaction | ||||||
E (1) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
SU (1) | <0.05 | <0.001 | ns | ns | ||
CC (2) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
ExSU (1) | ns | <0.001 | ns | ns | ||
ExCC (2) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
SUxCC (2) | ns | <0.01 | ns | ns | ||
ExSUxCC (2) | ns | <0.01 | ns | <0.01 |
Cover Crops (CCs) | Straw Use (SU) | Fertilization (F) | Biomass kg ha−1 DM | N | P | K |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% DM | ||||||
WM | WS | UF | 524 ± 63 | 2.04 ± 0.04 | 0.45 ± 0.01 | 3.91 ± 0.06 |
SF | 460 ± 103 | 2.27 ± 0.09 | 0.48 ± 0.03 | 3.81 ± 0.17 | ||
IF | 397 ± 36 | 2.37 ± 0.11 | 0.48 ± 0.00 | 4.12 ± 0.03 | ||
S | UF | 858 ± 144 | 1.95 ± 0.13 | 0.44 ± 0.02 | 3.96 ± 016 | |
SF | 1107 ± 133 * | 1.98 ± 0.09 | 0.42 ± 0.01 | 3.95 ± 0.10 | ||
IF | 773 ± 122 | 2.17 ± 0.21 | 0.43 ± 0.02 | 4.18 ± 0.12 | ||
RC | WS | UF | 2445 ± 527 ** | 3.42 ± 0.16 ** | 0.32 ± 0.04 ** | 3.90 ± 0.26 |
SF | 1131 ± 146 * | 3.48 ± 0.17 ** | 0.31 ± 0.01 ** | 3.75 ± 0.07 | ||
IF | 873 ± 193 | 3.77 ± 0.13 ** | 0.31 ± 0.00 ** | 4.14 ± 0.11 | ||
S | UF | 2263 ± 200 ** | 3.61 ± 0.06 ** | 0.30 ± 0.00 ** | 3.99 ± 0.17 | |
SF | 458 ± 67 | 3.93 ± 0.01 ** | 0.34 ± 0.00 ** | 4.06 ± 0.13 | ||
IF | 455 ± 60 | 3.91 ± 0.12 ** | 0.32 ± 0.01 ** | 4.21 ± 0.08 | ||
Probability (p) level of the factors and their interaction | ||||||
CC (1) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ns | ||
SU (1) | ns | ns | ns | ns | ||
F (2) | <0.001 | <0.01 | ns | <0.05 | ||
CCxSU (1) | 0.001 | <0.01 | <0.05 | ns | ||
CCxF (2) | <0.001 | ns | ns | ns | ||
SUxF (2) | ns | ns | ns | ns | ||
CCxSUxF (2) | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Experiment (E) | Main Crop (MC) | Cover Crop (CC) | N | P | K |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
kg ha−1 | |||||
Ia | WW | WCC | 74.4 ± 0.9 a | 17.2 ± 0.3 a | 81.5 ± 1.0 a |
WM | 79.4 ± 1.4 b | 19.2 ± 0.3 b | 80.8 ± 1.0 a | ||
RC | 83.6 ± 1.6 c | 19.0 ± 0.5 b | 89.3 ± 1.0 b | ||
SB | WCC | 96.4 ± 1.1 d | 20.9 ± 0.4 c | 86.0 ± 0.3 ab | |
WM | 105.5 ± 0.8 e | 22.0 ± 0.1 d | 90.3 ± 0.2 b | ||
RC | 115.0 ± 0.5 f | 22.8 ± 0.1 d | 94.4 ± 0.3 c | ||
Ib | WW | WCC | 102.5 ± 0.9 b | 21.1 ± 1.3 b | 97.5 ± 0.4 ab |
WM | 97.1 ± 1.5 ab | 19.4 ± 0.4 a | 94.7 ± 0.6 a | ||
RC | 100.1 ± 1.2 b | 20.4 ± 0.1 a | 99.0 ± 0.5 b | ||
SB | WCC | 95.4 ± 0.8 a | 19.3 ± 0.1 a | 94.8 ± 1.0 a | |
WM | 104.4 ± 0.1 b | 21.4 ± 0.1 b | 97.3 ± 0.2 ab | ||
RC | 98.6 ± 1.9 ab | 19.9 ± 0.9 a | 97.3 ± 0.2 ab | ||
Ic | WW | WCC | 108.0 ± 1.0 ab | 25.5 ± 0.3 b | 98.0 ± 0.5 a |
WM | 112.4 ± 1.3 b | 26.5 ± 0.4 b | 99.5 ± 0.4 b | ||
RC | 121.0 ± 0.9 c | 27.7 ± 0.4 c | 102.6 ± 1.0 c | ||
SB | WCC | 101.5 ± 0.7 a | 23.5 ± 0.7 a | 98.3 ± 0.5 ab | |
WM | 103.7 ± 3.6 a | 24.1 ± 0.9 a | 98.3 ± 1.0 ab | ||
RC | 116.2 ± 0.2 b | 25.7 ± 0.3 b | 104.3 ± 0.5 c | ||
Probability (p) level of the factors and their interaction | |||||
E (2) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
MC (1) | <0.001 | ns | <0.001 | ||
CC (2) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
ExMC (2) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
ExCC (4) | <0.001 | <0.05 | <0.001 | ||
MCxCC (2) | <0.001 | ns | <0.001 | ||
ExMCxCC (4) | <0.001 | <0.05 | <0.001 |
Experiment (E) | Straw Use (SU) | Cover Crop (CC) and Sowing Methods | N | P | K |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
kg ha−1 | |||||
IIa | WS | WCC | 74.2 ± 0.9 a | 11.7 ± 0.4 b | 54.5 ± 0.9 d |
WMps | 86.1 ± 1.1 c | 12.9 ± 0.2 d | 59.7 ± 0.9 e | ||
WMus | 84.5 ± 4.2 c | 12.7 ± 0.7 cd | 54.2 ± 0.3 cd | ||
RCus | 77.6 ± 3.4 a | 12.0 ± 0.6 bcd | 65.2 ± 1.1 f | ||
S | WCC | 76.0 ± 5.2 a | 11.4 ± 0.3 b | 43.5 ± 0.4 a | |
WMps | 78.2 ± 1.4 a | 11.5 ± 0.5 b | 52.2 ± 0.9 c | ||
WMus | 73.9 ± 1.0 a | 10.2 ± 0.5 a | 47.6 ± 1.3 b | ||
RCus | 75.9 ± 1.8 a | 11.6 ± 0.4 b | 45.7 ± 0.5 b | ||
IIb | WS | WCC | 92.7 ± 1.7 ab | 15.8 ± 0.2 a | 76.9 ± 1.2 a |
WMps | 100.4 ± 2.9 cde | 16.9 ± 0.5 bc | 93.8 ± 1.1 cd | ||
WMus | 103.0 ± 2.6 e | 17.0 ± 0.3 c | 88.7 ± 0.4 bcd | ||
RCus | 98.7 ± 1.8 cde | 16.5 ± 0.4 abc | 93.9 ± 3.5 cd | ||
S | WCC | 91.0 ± 0.9 a | 16.2 ± 0.3 abc | 83.0 ± 2.6 ab | |
WMps | 98.2 ± 0.9 cde | 16.4 ± 0.3 abc | 93.0 ± 3.7 cd | ||
WMus | 98.9 ± 5.3 cde | 16.9 ± 0.6 bc | 84.7 ± 0.9 b | ||
RCus | 96.4 ± 1.1 bc | 16.3 ± 0.2 abc | 93.9 ± 2.2 d | ||
Probability (p) level of the factors and their interaction | |||||
E (1) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
SU (1) | <0.05 | <0.01 | <0.001 | ||
CC (3) | <0.01 | ns | <0.001 | ||
ExSU (1) | ns | <0.05 | <0.001 | ||
ExCC (3) | ns | ns | <0.05 | ||
SUxCC (3) | ns | ns | <0.05 | ||
ExSUxCC (3) | ns | ns | <0.01 |
Month | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2006 | 2013 | SCN | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
April | T, °C | 7.6 | 6.9 | 4.2 | 6.4 | 6.7 | 4.6 | 6.2 |
P, mm | 36.4 | 28.4 | 37.1 | 8.3 | 23.3 | 36.9 | 37.4 | |
May | T, °C | 10.5 | 14.6 | 12.3 | 10.3 | 12.2 | 16.2 | 12.3 |
P, mm | 35.4 | 10.9 | 56.1 | 25.2 | 32.5 | 73.4 | 45.6 | |
Junie | T, °C | 13.1 | 16.4 | 14.1 | 13.8 | 16.3 | 18.6 | 15.6 |
P, mm | 147.9 | 81.1 | 57.2 | 64.0 | 6.8 | 44.4 | 59.4 | |
July | T, °C | 19.6 | 19.8 | 19.7 | 16.1 | 20.9 | 18.9 | 17.2 |
P, mm | 172.5 | 41.5 | 45.1 | 68.0 | 28.6 | 53.0 | 69.2 | |
Main period | T, °C | 12.7 | 14.4 | 12.6 | 11.7 | 14.0 | 14.6 | 12.8 |
P, mm | 392.2 | 161.9 | 195.5 | 165.5 | 91.2 | 207.7 | 211.6 | |
August | T, °C | 16.2 | 18.1 | 16.5 | 17.4 | 18.7 | 18.6 | 17.1 |
P, mm | 52.8 | 9.6 | 50.6 | 56.0 | 139.8 | 38.8 | 67.9 | |
September | T, °C | 11.1 | 12,4 | 12.2 | 12.3 | 15.0 | 12.4 | 12.0 |
P, mm | 59.8 | 27.5 | 29.5 | 69.8 | 48.2 | 81.1 | 57.9 | |
October | T, °C | 9.9 | 2.4 | 6.1 | 4.4 | 9.4 | 6.3 | 6.3 |
Until 15 | P, mm | 22.7 | 37.5 | 37.2 | 9.0 | 48.5 | 0.2 | 45.5 |
Post-harvest period | T, °C | 12.4 | 11.0 | 11.6 | 11.4 | 14.4 | 12.4 | 11.8 |
P, mm | 135.3 | 74.6 | 117.3 | 134.8 | 236.5 | 120.1 | 161.3 |
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Arlauskienė, A.; Šarūnaitė, L. Cover Crop Yield, Nutrient Storage and Release under Different Cropping Technologies in the Sustainable Agrosystems. Plants 2023, 12, 2966. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12162966
Arlauskienė A, Šarūnaitė L. Cover Crop Yield, Nutrient Storage and Release under Different Cropping Technologies in the Sustainable Agrosystems. Plants. 2023; 12(16):2966. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12162966
Chicago/Turabian StyleArlauskienė, Aušra, and Lina Šarūnaitė. 2023. "Cover Crop Yield, Nutrient Storage and Release under Different Cropping Technologies in the Sustainable Agrosystems" Plants 12, no. 16: 2966. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12162966