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Article

Biodiesel Production from the Marine Alga Nannochloropsis oceanica Grown on Yeast Wastewater and the Effect on Its Biochemical Composition and Gene Expression

by
Hoda H. Senousy
1,*,
Mostafa M. El-Sheekh
2,
Hanan M. Khairy
3,
Heba S. El-Sayed
3,
Ghada Abd-Elmonsef Mahmoud
4 and
Amal A. Hamed
1
1
Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
2
Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
3
National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Cairo 11516, Egypt
4
Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assuit University, Assuit 71516, Egypt
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Plants 2023, 12(16), 2898; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12162898
Submission received: 13 July 2023 / Revised: 24 July 2023 / Accepted: 5 August 2023 / Published: 8 August 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Marine Plants and Related Sources)
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Abstract

Microalgae-based biodiesel synthesis is currently not commercially viable due to the high costs of culture realizations and low lipid yields. The main objective of the current study was to determine the possibility of growing Nannochloropsis oceanica on Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast wastewater for biodiesel generation at an economical rate. N. oceanica was grown in Guillard F/2 synthetic medium and three dilutions of yeast wastewater (1, 1.25, and 1.5%). Biodiesel properties, in addition to carbohydrate, protein, lipid, dry weight, biomass, lipid productivity, amino acids, and fatty acid methyl ester (FAMEs) content, were analyzed and the quality of the produced biodiesel is assessed. The data revealed the response of N. oceanica to nitrogen-deficiency in the three dilutions of yeast wastewater. N. oceanica in Y2 (1.25%) yeast wastewater dilution exhibited the highest total carbohydrate and lipid percentages (21.19% and 41.97%, respectively), and the highest lipid productivity (52.46 mg L−1 day −1) under nitrogen deficiency in yeast wastewater. The fatty acids profile shows that N. oceanica cultivated in Y2 (1.25%) wastewater dilution provides a significant level of TSFA (47.42%) and can be used as a feedstock for biodiesel synthesis. In addition, N. oceanica responded to nitrogen shortage in wastewater dilutions by upregulating the gene encoding delta-9 fatty acid desaturase (Δ9FAD). As a result, the oleic and palmitoleic acid levels increased in the fatty acid profile of Y2 yeast wastewater dilution, highlighting the increased activity of Δ9FAD enzyme in transforming stearic acid and palmitic acid into oleic acid and palmitoleic acid. This study proved that the Y2 (1.25%) yeast wastewater dilution can be utilized as a growth medium for improving the quantity of specific fatty acids and lipid productivity in N. oceanica that affect biodiesel quality to satisfy global biodiesel requirements.
Keywords: Nannochloropsis oceanica; yeast wastewater; biodiesel production; N deficiency; N/P ratio; lipid; carbohydrate; Δ9FAD gene expression Nannochloropsis oceanica; yeast wastewater; biodiesel production; N deficiency; N/P ratio; lipid; carbohydrate; Δ9FAD gene expression

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MDPI and ACS Style

Senousy, H.H.; El-Sheekh, M.M.; Khairy, H.M.; El-Sayed, H.S.; Mahmoud, G.A.-E.; Hamed, A.A. Biodiesel Production from the Marine Alga Nannochloropsis oceanica Grown on Yeast Wastewater and the Effect on Its Biochemical Composition and Gene Expression. Plants 2023, 12, 2898. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12162898

AMA Style

Senousy HH, El-Sheekh MM, Khairy HM, El-Sayed HS, Mahmoud GA-E, Hamed AA. Biodiesel Production from the Marine Alga Nannochloropsis oceanica Grown on Yeast Wastewater and the Effect on Its Biochemical Composition and Gene Expression. Plants. 2023; 12(16):2898. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12162898

Chicago/Turabian Style

Senousy, Hoda H., Mostafa M. El-Sheekh, Hanan M. Khairy, Heba S. El-Sayed, Ghada Abd-Elmonsef Mahmoud, and Amal A. Hamed. 2023. "Biodiesel Production from the Marine Alga Nannochloropsis oceanica Grown on Yeast Wastewater and the Effect on Its Biochemical Composition and Gene Expression" Plants 12, no. 16: 2898. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12162898

APA Style

Senousy, H. H., El-Sheekh, M. M., Khairy, H. M., El-Sayed, H. S., Mahmoud, G. A.-E., & Hamed, A. A. (2023). Biodiesel Production from the Marine Alga Nannochloropsis oceanica Grown on Yeast Wastewater and the Effect on Its Biochemical Composition and Gene Expression. Plants, 12(16), 2898. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12162898

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