Sicilian Rivet Wheat Landraces: Grain Characteristics and Technological Quality of Flour and Bread
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Grain Characteristics, Physico-Chemical and Rheological Features and Bread-Making Quality
2.2. Cluster Analysis (Hierarchical Cluster Analysis and K-Means Cluster Analysis)
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Determination of Grain Characteristics and Grain Milling
3.3. Physico-Chemical Analyses of Semolina
3.4. Technological Tests on Doughs of Semolina
3.5. Baking Test
3.6. Statistical Analyses
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Hectolitre Weight (kg/hL) | Thousand Kernel Weight (g) | Starchy Kernels (%) | Black Pointed Kernels (%) | Shrunken Kernels (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bidì 03 | 77.43 ± 1.80 a | 58.57 ± 0.74 bc | 21.00 ± 1.41 fgh | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 d |
Simeto | 75.17 ± 0.35 ab | 66.63 ± 0.99 a | 6.00 ± 2.83 h | 0.50 ± 0.71 | 7.00 ± 0.00 a–d |
Bivona 03 | 72.93 ± 0.71 abc | 53.40 ± 0.98 c–h | 72.50 ± 3.54 ab | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 2.50 ± 2.12 d |
Bivona 04 | 74.10 ± 1.13 ab | 54.73 ± 0.58 c–g | 58.00 ± 1.41 a–d | 0.50 ± 0.71 | 8.50 ± 2.12 a–d |
Bufala Bianca 02 | 73.20 ± 0.61 abc | 50.97 ± 2.29 e–h | 68.00 ± 2.83 abc | 0.50 ± 0.71 | 2.00 ± 1.41 d |
Bufala Bianca 03 | 71.90 ± 0.95 abc | 51.63 ± 2.29 d–h | 40.00 ± 2.83 d–g | 0.50 ± 0.71 | 6.50 ± 2.12 a–d |
Bufala Nera Corta 01 | 71.30 ± 1.65 bc | 55.13 ± 1.05 c–f | 34.00 ± 5.66 d–g | 2.00 ± 1.41 | 14.50 ± 0.71 a |
Bufala Nera Corta 02 | 71.43 ± 1.52 bc | 56.93 ± 1.89 bcd | 44.00 ± 2.83 c–f | 1.50 ± 0.71 | 14.00 ± 1.41 a |
Bufala Nera Lunga 01 | 71.33 ± 1.99 bc | 55.87 ± 1.75 b–e | 37.50 ± 2.12 d–g | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 9.00 ± 1.41 a–d |
Bufala Nera Lunga 02 | 74.43 ± 0.50 ab | 58.93 ± 0.59 bc | 32.50 ± 3.54 efg | 0.50 ± 0.71 | 3.00 ± 1.41 cd |
Bufala Nera Lunga 04 | 73.43 ± 0.75 abc | 55.93 ± 1.76 b–e | 47.00 ± 5.66 cde | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 2.00 ± 1.41 d |
Bufala Rossa Corta b01 | 72.97 ± 1.66 abc | 51.60 ± 2.72 d–h | 21.00 ± 0.00 fgh | 0.50 ± 0.71 | 12.50 ± 2.12 abc |
Bufala Rossa Lunga 01 | 68.23 ± 1.26 c | 49.53 ± 0.59 fgh | 18.00 ± 2.83 gh | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 13.00 ± 2.83 ab |
Bufala Rossa Lunga 03 | 75.03 ± 2.64 ab | 52.47 ± 1.10 d–h | 33.50 ± 0.71 d–g | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 4.00 ± 1.41 bcd |
Bufala Cerami 01 | 75.93 ± 0.47 ab | 47.80 ± 0.44 h | 49.50 ± 2.12 b–e | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 4.00 ± 1.41 bcd |
Bufala Salice 01 | 73.03 ± 1.62 abc | 61.60 ± 0.62 ab | 54.50 ± 3.54 a–e | 1.50 ± 0.71 | 2.50 ± 2.12 d |
Bufala Troina 01 | 74.20 ± 1.70 ab | 54.23 ± 0.23 c–g | 49.00 ± 7.07 b–e | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 5.00 ± 1.41 a–d |
Ciciredda 02 | 71.20 ± 0.95 bc | 49.23 ± 1.06 gh | 40.00 ± 1.41 d–g | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 13.00 ± 1.41 ab |
Ciciredda 03 | 73.07 ± 0.64 abc | 53.20 ± 1.04 c–h | 77.00 ± 1.41 a | 0.50 ± 0.71 | 6.00 ± 1.41 a–d |
Paola 02 | 70.77 ± 0.99 bc | 56.53 ± 1.34 b–e | 75.00 ± 11.31 a | 0.50 ± 0.71 | 2.00 ± 1.41 d |
Sample | Moisture (g/100 g) | Protein (g/100 g d.m.) | Ash (g/100 g d.m.) | Wet Gluten (g/100 g) | Dry Gluten (g/100 g) | Gluten Index | Water Binding in Wet Gluten (g/100 g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bidì 03 | 14.30 ± 0.14 | 12.53 ± 0.03 cd | 1.04 ± 0.01 abc | 27.45 ± 0.21 a–d | 9.15 ± 0.07 a–d | 80.34 ± 3.97 ab | 18.30 ± 0.14 a–d |
Simeto | 15.00 ± 0.15 | 13.06 ± 0.02 bc | 0.99 ± 0.01 a–e | 26.57 ± 0.32 a–d | 9.18 ± 0.06 a–d | 95.22 ± 1.80 ab | 17.39 ± 0.25 a–d |
Bivona 03 | 15.10 ± 0.42 | 10.96 ± 0.13 ef | 0.86 ± 0.02 gh | 21.54 ± 0.34 cd | 6.67 ± 0.21 e | 73.23 ± 0.15 ab | 14.86 ± 0.13 a–d |
Bivona 04 | 15.30 ± 0.35 | 12.01 ± 0.01 d | 0.85 ± 0.00 h | 23.78 ± 1.83 a–d | 7.51 ± 0.55 cde | 80.65 ± 0.91 ab | 16.27 ± 1.28 a–d |
Bufala Bianca 02 | 15.20 ± 0.42 | 11.72 ± 0.13 de | 0.87 ± 0.01 f–h | 19.89 ± 0.08 d | 6.22 ± 0.05 e | 65.06 ± 4.32 abc | 13.67 ± 0.03 d |
Bufala Bianca 03 | 14.70 ± 0.42 | 10.98 ± 0.09 ef | 0.96 ± 0.01 b–h | 25.59 ± 0.83 a–d | 8.14 ± 0.28 a–e | 65.24 ± 7.63 abc | 17.46 ± 0.55 a–d |
Bufala Nera Corta 01 | 14.90 ± 0.71 | 14.43 ± 0.10 a | 0.96 ± 0.01 b–h | 22.89 ± 1.10 bcd | 7.74 ± 0.22 b–e | 28.38 ± 10.18 def | 15.15 ± 0.88 a–d |
Bufala Nera Corta 02 | 15.35 ± 0.35 | 12.08 ± 0.03 cd | 0.88 ± 0.00 e–h | 24.59 ± 0.41 a–d | 8.21 ± 0.15 a–e | 51.96 ± 7.61 b–e | 16.38 ± 0.26 a–d |
Bufala Nera Lunga 01 | 15.10 ± 0.15 | 14.06 ± 0.09 a | 0.96 ± 0.02 b–h | 28.63 ± 0.36 abc | 9.40 ± 0.30 a–d | 52.51 ± 7.26 b–e | 19.23 ± 0.06 a–d |
Bufala Nera Lunga 02 | 15.20 ± 0.14 | 13.89 ± 0.06 ab | 0.97 ± 0.01 a–g | 31.21 ± 2.25 a | 10.23 ± 0.61 a | 55.96 ± 8.57 bcd | 20.98 ± 1.63 ab |
Bufala Nera Lunga 04 (*) | 15.10 ± 0.29 | 9.77 ± 0.38 g | 0.97 ± 0.03 a–g | 28.64 ± 3.09 abc | 7.55 ± 0.00 cde | 23.40 ± 2.33 ef | 21.09 ± 3.08 a |
Bufala Rossa Corta b01 | 15.20 ± 0.28 | 14.24 ± 0.34 a | 1.00 ± 0.02 a–d | 30.59 ± 0.29 ab | 9.93 ± 0.26 ab | 54.49 ± 2.24 b–e | 20.66 ± 0.03 abc |
Bufala Rossa Lunga 01 | 15.50 ± 0.71 | 13.68 ± 0.04 ab | 1.08 ± 0.02 a | 21.94 ± 2.45 cd | 7.38 ± 0.92 de | 33.16 ± 0.62 def | 14.56 ± 1.54 a–d |
Bufala Rossa Lunga 03 | 15.40 ± 0.28 | 14.34 ± 0.06 a | 0.93 ± 0.01 c–h | 28.58 ± 2.59 abc | 9.72 ± 0.43 abc | 35.55 ± 5.02 c–f | 18.86 ± 2.16 a–d |
Bufala Cerami 01 (*) | 15.20 ± 0.28 | 10.68 ± 0.01 fg | 0.98 ± 0.01 a–f | 19.63 ± 1.14 d | 6.36 ± 0.45 e | 17.91 ± 6.56 f | 13.27 ± 0.70 d |
Bufala Salice 01 (*) | 15.10 ± 0.42 | 14.60 ± 0.02 a | 0.95 ± 0.02 b–h | 21.80 ± 0.87 cd | 7.28 ± 0.42 de | 37.25 ± 2.36 c–f | 14.55 ± 0.45 bcd |
Bufala Troina 01 (*) | 15.20 ± 0.57 | 10.98 ± 0.18 ef | 0.95 ± 0.00 b–h | 22.80 ± 0.92 bcd | 7.50 ± 0.46 cde | 28.06 ± 0.60 def | 15.26 ± 0.46 a–d |
Ciciredda 02 | 15.20 ± 0.71 | 13.06 ± 0.33 bc | 1.05 ± 0.00 ab | 23.54 ± 0.99 a–d | 7.80 ± 0.20 b–e | 28.88 ± 9.08 def | 15.74 ± 0.79 a–d |
Ciciredda 03 | 15.20 ± 0.42 | 9.70 ± 0.28 g | 0.93 ± 0.02 d–h | 20.90 ± 0.17 cd | 6.49 ± 0.14 e | 52.48 ± 0.38 b–e | 14.42 ± 0.31 cd |
Paola 02 | 15.50 ± 0.42 | 11.94 ± 0.03 de | 0.91 ± 0.01 d–h | 25.39 ± 0.64 a–d | 7.85 ± 0.29 b–e | 39.22 ± 0.61 c–f | 17.54 ± 0.35 a–d |
Sample | Luminosity (L*) | Red Index (a*) | Yellow Index (b*) |
---|---|---|---|
Bidì 03 | 89.58 ± 0.01 j | −7.38 ± 0.01 h | 21.12 ± 0.02 c |
Simeto | 88.68 ± 0.01 k | −7.62 ± 0.01 i | 23.21 ± 0.01 a |
Bivona 03 | 91.40 ± 0.00 d | −7.07 ± 0.02 f | 16.23 ± 0.01 p |
Bivona 04 | 91.42 ± 0.05 d | −7.36 ± 0.02 h | 17.78 ± 0.02 h |
Bufala Bianca 02 | 91.30 ± 0.00 de | −7.23 ± 0.02 g | 17.44 ± 0.01 j |
Bufala Bianca 03 | 89.58 ± 0.00 j | −6.76 ± 0.01 b | 18.02 ± 0.03 e |
Bufala Nera Corta 01 | 91.00 ± 0.01 g | −6.98 ± 0.01 de | 17.15 ± 0.01 l |
Bufala Nera Corta 02 | 91.59 ± 0.01 c | −7.04 ± 0.02 ef | 16.17 ± 0.02 p |
Bufala Nera Lunga 01 | 89.66 ± 0.01 j | −6.74 ± 0.02 b | 17.87 ± 0.01 g |
Bufala Nera Lunga 02 | 89.90 ± 0.01 i | −7.19 ± 0.01 g | 19.10 ± 0.01 d |
Bufala Nera Lunga 04 | 91.19 ± 0.03 ef | −7.16 ± 0.01 g | 17.51 ± 0.01 i |
Bufala Rossa Corta b01 | 88.82 ± 0.01 k | −6.92 ± 0.02 cd | 21.45 ± 0.02 b |
Bufala Rossa Lunga 01 | 89.86 ± 0.01 i | −6.59 ± 0.01 a | 17.75 ± 0.02 h |
Bufala Rossa Lunga 03 | 91.44 ± 0.01 cd | −7.32 ± 0.00 h | 17.95 ± 0.02 f |
Bufale Cerami 01 | 91.22 ± 0.01 ef | −7.08 ± 0.00 f | 17.36 ± 0.01 k |
Bufale Salice 01 | 91.07 ± 0.01 fg | −6.84 ± 0.01 c | 16.23 ± 0.01 p |
Bufale Troina 01 | 90.80 ± 0.01 b | −7.22 ± 0.04 g | 16.78 ± 0.01 m |
Ciciredda 02 | 90.53 ± 0.01 h | −6.59 ± 0.01 a | 16.39 ± 0.02 o |
Ciciredda 03 | 92.25 ± 0.01 a | −7.17 ± 0.04 g | 16.03 ± 0.02 q |
Paola 02 | 91.33 ± 0.01 de | −7.01 ± 0.03 ef | 16.56 ± 0.04 n |
Mixograph | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | SDS Sedimentation Height (mm) | Falling Number (s) | Mixing Time (s) | Peak Dough Height (M.U.) |
Bidì 03 | 32.00 ± 1.41 abc | 457.00 ± 1.41 d | 127.00 ± 7.07 g | 4.90 ± 0.14 a |
Simeto | 35.50 ± 0.71 a | 460.00 ± 0.00 d | 236.00 ± 0.00 b | 4.50 ± 0.14 ab |
Bivona 03 | 25.50 ± 0.71 f–h | 482.50 ± 0.71 c | 207.50 ± 10.61 bcd | 3.40 ± 0.14 cde |
Bivona 04 | 29.50 ± 0.71 b–f | 458.50 ± 0.71 d | 209.00 ± 4.24 bcd | 3.60 ± 0.28 cde |
Bufala Bianca 02 | 27.00 ± 0.00 d–g | 421.50 ± 2.12 i | 236.00 ± 8.49 b | 3.20 ± 0.14 de |
Bufala Bianca 03 | 30.00 ± 0.00 b–e | 409.50 ± 2.12 j | 175.50 ± 2.12 c–g | 3.45 ± 0.07 cde |
Bufala Nera Corta 01 | 31.50 ± 0.71 abc | 443.00 ± 1.41 ef | 162.00 ± 2.83 d–g | 3.15 ± 0.21 de |
Bufala Nera Corta 02 | 28.00 ± 1.41 c–g | 370.00 ± 1.41 k | 190.00 ± 14.14 b–e | 3.35 ± 0.07 cde |
Bufala Nera Lunga 01 | 30.00 ± 0.00 b–e | 446.00 ± 0.00 e | 195.00 ± 14.14 b–e | 3.80 ± 0.14 b–e |
Bufala Nera Lunga 02 | 29.50 ± 0.71 b–f | 491.50 ± 0.71 b | 147.50 ± 7.78 efg | 3.65 ± 0.07 b–e |
Bufala Nera Lunga 04 | 26.00 ± 0.00 e–h | 436.00 ± 1.41 fg | 176.50 ± 2.12 c–f | 2.95 ± 0.07 e |
Bufala Rossa Corta b01 | 31.00 ± 0.00 bcd | 509.00 ± 1.41 a | 157.50 ± 3.54 efg | 3.85 ± 0.07 bcd |
Bufala Rossa Lunga 01 | 33.00 ± 1.41 ab | 420.50 ± 0.71 i | 210.00 ± 14.14 bcd | 3.35 ± 0.21 cde |
Bufala Rossa Lunga 03 | 26.00 ± 0.00 e–h | 309.50 ± 2.12 m | 138.50 ± 2.12 fg | 4.10 ± 0.14 abc |
Bufala Cerami 01 | 24.00 ± 0.00 gh | 431.00 ± 1.41 gh | 169.00 ± 7.07 c–g | 3.80 ± 0.14 b–e |
Bufala Salice 01 | 30.00 ± 0.00 b–e | 455.00 ± 1.41 d | 290.00 ± 14.14 a | 3.65 ± 0.21 b–e |
Bufala Troina 01 | 22.00 ± 0.00 h | 412.00 ± 1.41 j | 189.50 ± 7.78 b–e | 3.10 ± 0.14 de |
Ciciredda 02 | 30.50 ± 0.71 bcd | 432.50 ± 0.71 g | 175.00 ± 0.00 c–g | 3.50 ± 0.00 cde |
Ciciredda 03 | 25.50 ± 0.71 f–h | 349.00 ± 1.41 l | 215.00 ± 7.07 bc | 3.35 ± 0.07 cde |
Paola 02 | 25.50 ± 0.71 f–h | 424.50 ± 0.71 hi | 165.50 ± 3.54 d–g | 3.65 ± 0.07 b–e |
Sample | Alveograph | Farinograph | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W (10−4 × J) | P/L | H2O Absorption in 500 B.U. (g/100 g) | Development Time (min) | Dough Stability (min) | Degree of Softening (B.U.) | |
Bidì 03 | 87.50 ± 7.78 b | 1.34 ± 0.06 bc | 60.60 ± 0.14 b | 2.00 ± 0.14 ab | 1.75 ± 0.07 cd | 95.00 ± 2.83 i |
Simeto | 145.00 ± 4.24 a | 3.93 ± 0.25 a | 63.20 ± 0.14 a | 2.20 ± 0.14 a | 4.60 ± 0.14 a | 53.00 ± 2.83 j |
Bivona 03 | 42.00 ± 4.24 cde | 0.62 ± 0.18 ef | 51.25 ± 0.07 k | 1.30 ± 0.00 de | 1.20 ± 0.14 d–g | 122.00 ± 4.24 fgh |
Bivona 04 | 48.00 ± 2.83 c | 0.77 ± 0.08 c–f | 53.10 ± 0.00 g | 1.50 ± 0.00 c–e | 1.55 ± 0.07 c–f | 97.00 ± 1.41 hi |
Bufala Bianca 02 | 22.50 ± 3.54 def | 0.58 ± 0.06 ef | 49.00 ± 0.00 m | 1.40 ± 0.00 c–e | 1.40 ± 0.00 d–g | 123.00 ± 4.24 fgh |
Bufala Bianca 03 | 35.00 ± 4.24 c–f | 0.44 ± 0.06 f | 52.35 ± 0.07 h | 1.70 ± 0.14 bc | 2.40 ± 0.14 b | 101.00 ± 5.66 ghi |
Bufala Nera Corta 01 | 19.00 ± 4.24 ef | 1.22 ± 0.16 b–e | 54.60 ± 0.00 f | 1.45 ± 0.07 c–e | 0.85 ± 0.07 g | 201.00 ± 4.24 a |
Bufala Nera Corta 02 | 25.00 ± 4.24 c–f | 1.30 ± 0.14 bcd | 52.40 ± 0.00 h | 1.20 ± 0.00 e | 1.30 ± 0.14 d–g | 133.00 ± 4.24 def |
Bufala Nera Lunga 01 | 35.00 ± 5.66 c–f | 0.98 ± 0.04 c–f | 54.60 ± 0.00 f | 1.70 ± 0.00 bc | 1.20 ± 0.14 d–g | 183.00 ± 2.83 ab |
Bufala Nera Lunga 02 | 46.50 ± 3.54 cd | 0.88 ± 0.04 c–f | 57.75 ± 0.07 e | 1.70 ± 0.00 bc | 1.35 ± 0.07 d–g | 157.00 ± 5.66 bcd |
Bufala Nera Lunga 04 | 12.00 ± 4.24 f | 0.97 ± 0.04 c–f | 48.80 ± 0.00 m | 1.30 ± 0.00 de | 1.05 ± 0.07 fg | 138.00 ± 4.24 def |
Bufala Rossa Corta b 01 | 73.50 ± 3.54 b | 1.34 ± 0.06 bc | 59.90 ± 0.00 c | 1.90 ± 0.00 ab | 1.50 ± 0.00 c–f | 120.00 ± 1.41 fgh |
Bufala Rossa Lunga 01 | 40.00 ± 2.83 cde | 1.68 ± 0.06 b | 58.35 ± 0.07 d | 1.50 ± 0.00 c–e | 1.45 ± 0.07 c–f | 140.00 ± 5.66 def |
Bufala Rossa Lunga 03 | 31.00 ± 2.83 c–f | 0.72 ± 0.04 c–f | 52.30 ± 0.00 h | 1.65 ± 0.07 bcd | 1.30 ± 0.00 d–g | 172.00 ± 2.83 bc |
Bufala Cerami 01 | 20.00 ± 2.83 ef | 0.97 ± 0.18 c–f | 51.55 ± 0.07 ijk | 1.65 ± 0.07 bcd | 1.35 ± 0.07 d–g | 150.00 ± 7.07 cde |
Bufala Salice 01 | 31.00 ± 4.24 c–f | 0.85 ± 0.10 c–f | 51.75 ± 0.07 i | 1.45 ± 0.07 c–e | 1.65 ± 0.07 cde | 133.00 ± 4.24 def |
Bufala Troina 01 | 20.50 ± 4.95 ef | 0.66 ± 0.09 def | 50.75 ± 0.07 l | 1.50 ± 0.00 c–e | 1.55 ± 0.07 c–f | 146.00 ± 5.66 c–f |
Ciciredda 02 | 37.00 ± 2.83 c–f | 0.98 ± 0.04 c–f | 54.75 ± 0.07 f | 1.50 ± 0.00 c–e | 2.00 ± 0.14 bc | 126.00 ± 4.24 efg |
Ciciredda 03 | 32.50 ± 3.54 c–f | 0.88 ± 0.11 c–f | 51.65 ± 0.07 ij | 1.40 ± 0.00 c–e | 1.25 ± 0.07 d–g | 134.00 ± 5.66 def |
Paola 02 | 34.00 ± 4.24 c–f | 0.62 ± 0.07 ef | 51.30 ± 0.00 jk | 1.20 ± 0.00 e | 1.15 ± 0.07 e–g | 142.00 ± 2.83 def |
Sample | Volume (cm3) | Height (mm) | Weight (g) | Moisture (g/100 g) | Crumb Porosity * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bidì 03 | 423.75 ± 1.77 a | 73.50 ± 0.71 a | 142.85 ± 0.00 b | 30.12 ± 1.50 | 5.00 ± 0.00 |
Simeto | 338.75 ± 1.77 g | 65.50 ± 0.71 b–e | 146.05 ± 0.00 a | 34.04 ± 0.78 | 7.00 ± 0.00 |
Bivona 03 | 346.25 ± 1.77 fg | 64.50 ± 0.71 c–f | 135.10 ± 0.00 f | 30.04 ± 0.13 | 7.00 ± 0.00 |
Bivona 04 | 397.50 ± 7.07 bc | 70.50 ± 0.71 ab | 138.20 ± 0.85 cd | 32.31 ± 0.61 | 7.00 ± 0.00 |
Bufala Bianca 02 | 347.50 ± 3.54 fg | 61.00 ± 1.41 d–g | 134.38 ± 0.04 fg | 28.40 ± 1.27 | 7.00 ± 0.00 |
Bufala Bianca 03 | 368.75 ± 1.77 de | 59.50 ± 0.71 fgh | 132.80 ± 0.00 g | 31.44 ± 1.56 | 4.00 ± 0.00 |
Bufala Nera Corta 01 | 373.75 ± 1.77 d | 59.50 ± 0.71 fgh | 135.85 ± 0.00 ef | 37.29 ± 9.93 | 7.00 ± 0.00 |
Bufala Nera Corta 02 | 362.50 ± 0.00 def | 62.00 ± 0.00 d–g | 138.08 ± 0.04 cd | 30.85 ± 0.98 | 7.00 ± 0.00 |
Bufala Nera Lunga 01 | 393.75 ± 1.77 c | 63.00 ± 0.00 def | 139.50 ± 0.00 c | 30.51 ± 0.72 | 5.00 ± 0.00 |
Bufala Nera Lunga 02 | 406.25 ± 1.77 abc | 64.50 ± 0.71 c–f | 142.35 ± 0.35 b | 31.66 ± 2.09 | 6.00 ± 0.00 |
Bufala Nera Lunga 04 | 372.50 ± 3.54 de | 56.50 ± 0.71 gh | 134.90 ± 0.00 f | 29.605 ± 0.39 | 7.00 ± 0.00 |
Bufala Rossa Corta b01 | 406.45 ± 1.48 abc | 69.50 ± 0.71 abc | 144.65 ± 0.00 a | 32.36 ± 1.11 | 6.00 ± 0.00 |
Bufala Rossa Lunga 01 | 348.75 ± 1.77 fg | 54.50 ± 0.71 h | 141.80 ± 0.00 b | 31.87 ± 0.89 | 6.00 ± 0.00 |
Bufala Rossa Lunga 03 | 415.00 ± 3.54 ab | 70.00 ± 2.83 abc | 139.45 ± 0.35 c | 30.53 ± 0.03 | 6.00 ± 0.00 |
Bufale Cerami 01 | 368.75 ± 1.77 de | 56.50 ± 0.71 gh | 134.10 ± 0.00 fg | 30.65 ± 0.42 | 6.00 ± 0.00 |
Bufale Salice 01 | 355.00 ± 3.54 efg | 60.50 ± 0.71 efg | 139.58 ± 0.04 c | 32.81 ± 0.33 | 6.00 ± 0.00 |
Bufale Troina 01 | 393.75 ± 1.77 c | 66.50 ± 0.71 bcd | 135.15 ± 0.00 f | 31.16 ± 0.17 | 5.00 ± 0.00 |
Ciciredda 02 | 346.25 ± 1.77 fg | 60.50 ± 0.71 efg | 137.10 ± 0.00 de | 30.40 ± 0.60 | 7.00 ± 0.00 |
Ciciredda 03 | 360.00 ± 0.00 def | 63.00 ± 0.00 def | 135.15 ± 0.00 f | 29.62 ± 0.97 | 6.00 ± 0.00 |
Paola 02 | 355.00 ± 7.07 efg | 63.00 ± 1.41 def | 137.98 ± 0.32 cd | 30.60 ± 1.45 | 6.00 ± 0.00 |
Sample | Crumb | Crust | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Luminosity (L*) | Red Index (a*) | Yellow Index (b*) | Luminosity (L*) | Red Index (a*) | Yellow Index (b*) | |
Bidì 03 | 71.25 ± 1.05 ab | −0.64 ± 0.04 c–f | 18.91 ± 0.57 bcd | 35.62 ± 1.41 bc | 10.24 ± 2.27 bc | 14.35 ± 1.33 d |
Simeto | 71.54 ± 0.13 ab | −0.12 ± 0.02 bc | 22.97 ± 0.33 a | 36.14 ± 1.85 bc | 12.50 ± 0.69 abc | 16.37 ± 1.84 cd |
Bivona 03 | 75.84 ± 0.54 a | −1.90 ± 0.01 g | 15.54 ± 0.06 f | 36.59 ± 1.91 bc | 12.94 ± 0.75 abc | 17.00 ± 1.99 a–d |
Bivona 04 | 74.15 ± 0.21 ab | −0.47 ± 0.16 c–f | 18.24 ± 1.03 b–e | 36.48 ± 0.41 bc | 12.30 ± 0.33 abc | 15.81 ± 0.58 d |
Bufala Bianca 02 | 68.99 ± 2.16 ab | 0.60 ± 0.01 a | 17.67 ± 0.18 c–f | 35.25 ± 2.28 c | 12.41 ± 1.64 abc | 15.47 ± 2.67 d |
Bufala Bianca 03 | 67.61 ± 0.47 b | −0.21 ± 0.04 bcd | 16.76 ± 0.61 def | 36.05 ± 0.40 bc | 13.12 ± 0.06 abc | 16.49 ± 0.20 bcd |
Bufala Nera Corta 01 | 71.28 ± 0.45 ab | −0.89 ± 0.18 ef | 17.20 ± 0.18 c–f | 38.60 ± 0.86 ab | 15.69 ± 0.16 a | 22.29 ± 0.91 a–d |
Bufala Nera Corta 02 | 68.02 ± 0.39 b | 1.08 ± 0.05 a | 20.55 ± 0.18 ab | 39.91 ± 0.01 ab | 14.91 ± 0.01 ab | 20.81 ± 0.78 a–d |
Bufala Nera Lunga 01 | 71.94 ± 1.32 ab | −0.90 ± 0.12 ef | 17.24 ± 0.32 c–f | 43.15 ± 0.77 ab | 15.65 ± 0.33 ab | 24.60 ± 0.70 abc |
Bufala Nera Lunga 02 | 72.08 ± 2.39 ab | −0.67 ± 0.23 c–f | 17.29 ± 0.67 c–f | 39.59 ± 1.51 ab | 16.03 ± 1.04 a | 22.45 ± 1.70 a–d |
Bufala Nera Lunga 04 | 71.73 ± 0.40 ab | −1.84 ± 0.03 g | 17.22 ± 0.14 c–f | 39.47 ± 2.53 ab | 9.05 ± 0.25 c | 16.19 ± 1.51 cd |
Bufala Rossa Corta b01 | 72.45 ± 2.09 ab | −0.95 ± 0.11 f | 18.90 ± 0.41 bcd | 35.88 ± 0.67 bc | 12.60 ± 0.74 abc | 15.07 ± 1.18 d |
Bufala Rossa Lunga 01 | 67.49 ± 2.96 b | 0.42 ± 0.08 ab | 19.82 ± 0.69 bc | 42.25 ± 1.89 ab | 16.35 ± 0.14 a | 25.47 ± 1.07 a |
Bufala Rossa Lunga 03 | 69.68 ± 0.45 ab | −0.83 ± 0.21 def | 17.42 ± 0.32 c–f | 38.01 ± 1.07 ab | 11.74 ± 0.69 abc | 16.56 ± 0.08 bcd |
Bufala Cerami 01 | 68.13 ± 0.07 b | −0.27 ± 0.15 cde | 18.32 ± 0.12 b–e | 42.67 ± 0.30 ab | 15.12 ± 0.07 ab | 24.49 ± 0.01 abc |
Bufala Salice 01 | 72.72 ± 0.78 ab | −0.35 ± 0.04 c–f | 17.70 ± 0.31 c–f | 43.36 ± 0.36 ab | 14.73 ± 0.40 ab | 24.93 ± 0.71 ab |
Bufala Troina 01 | 71.48 ± 0.10 ab | −2.17 ± 0.08 g | 16.16 ± 0.01 ef | 45.38 ± 0.18 a | 13.29 ± 0.14 abc | 21.55 ± 0.37 a–d |
Ciciredda 02 | 73.00 ± 0.27 ab | −0.41 ± 0.13 c–f | 16.32 ± 0.33 def | 39.70 ± 0.50 ab | 14.22 ± 0.08 abc | 19.43 ± 0.59 a–d |
Ciciredda 03 | 74.53 ± 0.57 ab | −1.83 ± 0.04 g | 15.95 ± 0.13 ef | 41.50 ± 1.00 ab | 14.09 ± 2.03 abc | 22.14 ± 3.35 a–d |
Paola 02 | 72.55 ± 0.78 ab | −0.43 ± 0.04 c–f | 17.42 ± 0.63 c–f | 45.14 ± 1.69 a | 13.26 ± 0.93 abc | 21.75 ± 1.49 a–d |
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Spina, A.; Guarnaccia, P.; Canale, M.; Sanfilippo, R.; Bizzini, M.; Blangiforti, S.; Zingale, S.; Lo Piero, A.R.; Allegra, M.; Sicilia, A.; et al. Sicilian Rivet Wheat Landraces: Grain Characteristics and Technological Quality of Flour and Bread. Plants 2023, 12, 2641. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142641
Spina A, Guarnaccia P, Canale M, Sanfilippo R, Bizzini M, Blangiforti S, Zingale S, Lo Piero AR, Allegra M, Sicilia A, et al. Sicilian Rivet Wheat Landraces: Grain Characteristics and Technological Quality of Flour and Bread. Plants. 2023; 12(14):2641. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142641
Chicago/Turabian StyleSpina, Alfio, Paolo Guarnaccia, Michele Canale, Rosalia Sanfilippo, Michele Bizzini, Sebastiano Blangiforti, Silvia Zingale, Angela Roberta Lo Piero, Maria Allegra, Angelo Sicilia, and et al. 2023. "Sicilian Rivet Wheat Landraces: Grain Characteristics and Technological Quality of Flour and Bread" Plants 12, no. 14: 2641. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142641