Spatial Distribution of Polyphenolic Compounds in Corn Grains (Zea mays L. var. Pioneer) Studied by Laser Confocal Microscopy and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Tandem Mass Spectrometry
2.2. Confocal Microscopy
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials and Chemicals
4.2. Fractional Maceration
4.3. Liquid Chromatography
4.4. Mass Spectrometry
4.5. Optical Microscopy
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
No. | Class | Compound | Molecular Formula | Calculated Mass | Molecular Ion [M−H]− | Molecular Ion [M+H]+ | Fragmenation Ion MS2 | Fragmentation Ion MS3 | Fragmentation Ion MS4 | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
POLYPHENOLS | ||||||||||
1 | Phenolic acid | Caffeic acid [(2E)-3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)acrylic acid] | C9H8O4 | 180.1574 | 181 | 135 | 119 | Dracocephalum palmatum [49]; Eucalyptus [50]; Triticum [51]; Salvia miltiorrhiza [52] | ||
2 | Phenolic acid | Hydroxy methoxy dimethylbenzoic acid | C10H12O4 | 196.1999 | 197 | 177; 153 | 125 | F. herrerae; F. glaucescens [53] | ||
3 | Phenolic acid | Hydroxyferulic acid | C10H10O5 | 210.1834 | 211 | 193; 125 | Andean blueberry [54]; | |||
4 | Stilbene | Resveratrol [trans-Resveratrol; 3,4′,5-Trihydroxystilbene; Stilbentriol] | C14H12O3 | 228.2433 | 229 | 209 | 163 | 146 | A. cordifolia; F. glaucescens; F. herrerae [53]; Radix polygoni multiflori [55] | |
5 | Dihydroxybenzoic acid | 3,4-Diacetoxybenzoic acid | C10H11O6 | 238.1935 | 237 | 119 | Potato leaves [56]; Triticum aestivum L. [57]; | |||
6 | Flavan-3-ol | Epiafzelechin [(epi)Afzelechin] | C15H14O5 | 274.2687 | 275 | 245; 176 | 175 | Cassia granidis [58]; Cassia abbreviata [59,60]; A. cordifolia; F. glaucescens; F. herrerae [53] | ||
7 | Flavonol | Kaempferol [3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2-(4-hydro-xyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one] | C15H10O6 | 286.2363 | 285 | 185; 117; 257 | 117 | Rhus coriaria (Sumac) [61]; Lonicera japonicum [62]; Andean blueberry [54]; Potato [63]; Potato leaves [56]; | ||
8 | Flavan-3-ol | Catechin [D-Catechol] | C15H14O6 | 290.2681 | 291 | 261; 189 | 173; 242 | 191; 143 | Potato [64]; Triticum [51]; millet grains [65]; Solanaceae [66]; Beer [67]; V. edulis [53]; Vigna inguiculata [68]; Radix polygoni multiflori [55]; Senna singueana [69]; Camellia kucha [70]; | |
9 | Flavan-3-ol | (epi)catechin | C15H14O6 | 290.2681 | 291 | 261; 173 | 243; 173 | C. edulis [53]; Radix polygoni multiflori [55]; Camellia kucha [70]; | ||
10 | Hydroxycinnamic acid | Caffeoylmalic acid | C13H12O8 | 296.2296 | 295 | 277; 171 | 233; 113 | Potato leaves [56]; Strawberry [71] | ||
11 | Flavonol | Quercetin | C15H10O7 | 302.2357 | 303 | 275; 245; 203; 175 | 175 | Rhus coriaria [61]; Potato leaves [56]; Vigna sinensis [72]; Impatiens glandulifera Royle [73]; Eucalyptus [50]; Triticum [51]; millet grains [65]; Tomato [74]; Bougainvillea [75] | ||
12 | Flavan-3-ol | Gallocatechin [+(−) Gallocatechin] | C15H14O7 | 306.2675 | 307 | 277; 207 | 207; 159 | millet grains [65]; Solanaceae [66]; Licania ridigna [76]; G. linguiforme [53]; Senna singueana [69]; Vaccinium myrtillus [77] | ||
13 | Flavonol | Myricetin | C15H10O8 | 318.2351 | 319 | 291; 219; 174 | 259; 191 | 243; 161 | Dracocephalum palmatum [49]; Potato [63,64]; Perilla frutescens [78]; Tomato [74]; Mentha [79]; Salvia miltiorrhiza [52]; Rubus occidentalis [80]; Sanguisorba officinalis [81]; Radix polygoni multiflori [55] | |
14 | Flavone | Cirsiliol | C17H14O7 | 330.2889 | 329 | 229; 171; 293 | 211; 155 | 183 | Ocimum [82] | |
15 | Flavone | 5,7-Dimetoxy-3,3′,4′-trihydroxyflavone | C17H14O7 | 330.2889 | 331 | 315; 270 | 313 | 285; 257 | Oxalis corniculata [83] | |
16 | Flavone | Luteolin 7,3′-disulphate | C15H10O12S2 | 446.3627 | 447 | 287 | 152 | Zostera marina [84] | ||
17 | Flavone | Apigenin 7-sulfate | C15H10O8S | 350.3001 | 351 | 337; 308 | 308; 291 | G. linguiforme [53]; sulphates [85] | ||
18 | Lignan | Matairesinol [(−)-Matairesinol; Artigenin Congener] | C20H22O6 | 358.3851 | 359 | 324; 289; 127 | 144 | 127 | Punica granatum [86]; Wheat [87]; Lignans [88] | |
19 | Hydroxycinnamic acid derivative | Caffeic acid derivative | C16H18O9Na | 377.2985 | 377 | 341; 215 | 179; 113 | Bougainvillea [75] | ||
20 | Gallate ester, derivative of epiafzelechin | Epiafzelechin 3-O-gallate | C22H18O9 | 426.3729 | 427 | 301; 171; 382 | 171 | Camellia kucha [70]; | ||
21 | Flavone | Apigenin-C-hexoside | C21H20O10 | 432.3775 | 433 | 418; 314; 265; 219; 155 | 257; 169 | Triticum durum [89]; Beer [67] | ||
22 | Anthocyanidin | Pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside (callistephin) | C21H21O10 | 433.3854 | 433 | 271; 185 | 253; 121 | 235 | Triticum aestivum L. [28,29]; strawberry [30] | |
23 | Anthocyanidin | Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside [Cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-Glucoside; Kuromarin] | C21H21O11+ | 449.3848 | 447 | 285 | 199 | Triticum [29,51]; acerola [90]; rice [91]; Vigna sinensis [72]; Rapeseed petals [92] | ||
24 | Flavone | Luteolin-7-O-beta-glucuronide | C21H18O12 | 462.3604 | 463 | 447; 395; 359; 285; 199; 149 | 287; 199 | Mentha [93,94]; rat plasma [95]; Newbouldia laevis [60] | ||
25 | Flavonol | Kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide | C21H18O12 | 462.3604 | 463 | 287; 198 | 269; 198 | Strawberry [71]; A.cordifolia; G. linguiforme [53]; Rhus coriaria [61] | ||
26 | Anthocyanidin | Delphinidin malonyl hexoside | C24H23O15 | 551.4304 | 551 | 465; 287; 185 | 287; 115 | F. glaucescens [53] | ||
27 | Flavone | Chrysoeriol C-hexoside-C-pentoside | C27H30O15 | 594.5181 | 595 | 578; 536; 509; 425 | 294 | Triticum aestivum L. [57,96]; T. durum [89] | ||
28 | Flavonol | Quercetin 3,4′-di-O-beta-glucopyranoside [Quercetin diglucoside] | C27H30O17 | 626.5169 | 627 | 465 | 447; 405; 303 | Potato leaves [56]; Potato [63]; Rapeseed petals [92]; | ||
29 | Flavone | Tricin trimethyl ether 7-O-hexosyl-hexoside | C30H36O17 | 668.5966 | 669 | 345; 387; 283 | Triticum aestivum L. [97] | |||
30 | Flavan-3-ol | (Epi)fisetinidol-(epi)catechin-A-(epi)fisetinidol | C45H36O16 | 832.7577 | 831 | 721; 693; 609; 575; 537; 506 | Chamaecrista nictitans [98] | |||
OTHER COMPOUNDS | ||||||||||
31 | Amino acid | L-Lysine | C6H14N2O2 | 146.1876 | 147 | 119 | Lonicera japonica [62]; | |||
32 | Amino acid | L-threanine | C7H14N2O3 | 174.1977 | 175 | 159 | Camellia kucha [70] | |||
33 | Amino acid | L-Tryptophan [Tryptophan; (S)-Tryptophan] | C11H12N2O2 | 204.2252 | 205 | 161; 159 | 143 | Passiflora incarnata [99]; Vigna unguiculata [100]; Camellia kucha [70]; | ||
34 | Omega-5 fatty acid | Myristoleic acid [Cis-9-Tetradecanoic acid] | C14H26O2 | 226.3550 | 227 | 209; 168 | 127 | F. glaucescens [53] | ||
35 | Monobasic saturated carboxylic acid | Myristic acid [Tetradecanoic acid; N-Tetradecanoic acid] | C14H28O2 | 228.3709 | 229 | 142; 205 | 114 | Rhododendron adamsii [101] | ||
36 | Medium-chain fatty acid | Hydroxy dodecanoic acid | C12H22O5 | 246.3001 | 247 | 238 | 203 | 174 | F. glaucescens [53] | |
37 | Ribonucleoside composite of adenine (purine) | Adenosine | C10H13N5O4 | 267.2413 | 268 | 136 | Lonicera japonica [62] | |||
38 | Omega-3 fatty acid; octadecatetraenoic acid | Stearidonic acid [6,9,12,15-Octadecatetraenoic acid; Moroctic acid] | C18H28O2 | 276.4137 | 277 | 259; 177 | 177 | Salviae Miltiorrhizae [102]; G. linguiforme [53]; Rhus coriaria [61] | ||
39 | Omega-3 fatty acid | Linolenic acid (Alpha-Linolenic acid; Linolenate) | C18H30O2 | 278.4296 | 279 | 243; 173 | 173 | 131 | Salviae [102]; rice [91]; Pinus silvestris [103] | |
40 | Diterpenoid | Isocryptotanshinone II | C19H20O3 | 296.3603 | 297 | 279; 197 | 173 | Salviae Miltiorrhizae [102] | ||
41 | Alpha-omega dicarboxylic acid | Octadecanedioic acid [1,16-Hexadecanedicarboxylic acid] | C18H34O4 | 314.4602 | 313 | 295; 183 | 293; 179 | 275; 177 | F. glaucescens [53] | |
42 | Unsaturated essential fatty acid | Oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid | C20H30O3 | 318.4504 | 319 | 301 | 186 | F. potsii [53] | ||
43 | Oxylipin | 13- Trihydroxy-Octadecenoic acid [THODE] | C18H34O5 | 330.4596 | 329 | 171; 211; 293 | 153 | Bituminaria [25]; Broccoli [26]; Sasa veitchii [27] | ||
44 | Oxylipin | 9,12,13- Trihydroxy-trans-10-octadecenoic acid | C18H34O5 | 330.4596 | 329 | 171; 229 | 127 | Potato leaves [56] | ||
45 | Unsaturated essential fatty acid | Eicosatetraenedioic acid | C20H30O4 | 334.4498 | 335 | 321; 124 | 291 | G. linguiforme [53] | ||
46 | Isoquinoline alkaloid | Berberine [Berberin; Umbelletine; Berbericine] | C20H18NO4 | 336.3612 | 337 | 321; 225 | 291 | 291 | Tinospora cordifolia [104,105] | |
47 | Pentacyclic diterpenoid | Gibberellic acid | C19H22O6 | 346.3744 | 347 | 345; 259 | 329; 173 | 289 | Triticum aestivum [106] | |
48 | Berberine alkaloid | Palmatine [Berbericinine; Burasaine] | C21H22NO4 | 352.4037 | 353 | 337; 163 | 308 | 293 | Ocotea [107,108] | |
49 | Androgen; anabolic steroid | Vebonol | C30H44O3 | 452.6686 | 453 | 435; 336; 209 | 336; 226 | 209 | Rhus coriaria [61]; Hylosereus polyrhizus [109] | |
50 | Triterpenoid | Oleanoic acid | C30H48O3 | 456.7003 | 457 | 411; 249; 183 | 227; 169 | Pear [110]; Ocimum [82] | ||
51 | Triterpenoid | Maslinic acid | C30H48O4 | 472.6997 | 473 | 425; 319; 201 | 291 | Pear [110]; Folium Eriobotryae [111]; Malus domestica [112] | ||
52 | Thromboxane receptor antagonist | Vapiprost | C30H39NO4 | 477.6350 | 478 | 460; 337; 263; 155 | 263; 155 | 245; 189; 111 | Rhus coriaria [61]; Hylosereus polyrhizus [109] | |
53 | Indole sesquiterpene alkaloid | Sespendole | C33H45NO4 | 519.7147 | 520 | 184 | 184; 125 | Rhus coriaria [61]; Hylosereus polyrhizus [109] | ||
54 | 2-arylbenzofuran flavonoid | Lithospermic acid A | C27H22O12 | 538.4564 | 539 | 521; 409; 340; 241 | 395; 252; 167 | Mentha [79,93,94]; Salvia multiorrizae [52] | ||
55 | Carotenoid | (all-E)-lutein 3′-O-myristate | C40H54O | 550.8562 | 551 | 533; 505; 469;429; 373; 345 | 453; 410 | Carotenoids [113] | ||
56 | Triterpenoid | 3-O-glucuronide-29-hydroxyoleanolic acid | C35H52O11 | 648.7808 | 649 | 473; 367; 291; 229 | 456; 385; 269 | 408; 305; 262; 187 | Bougainvillea [75] |
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Razgonova, M.; Zinchenko, Y.; Pikula, K.; Tekutyeva, L.; Son, O.; Zakharenko, A.; Kalenik, T.; Golokhvast, K. Spatial Distribution of Polyphenolic Compounds in Corn Grains (Zea mays L. var. Pioneer) Studied by Laser Confocal Microscopy and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Plants 2022, 11, 630. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11050630
Razgonova M, Zinchenko Y, Pikula K, Tekutyeva L, Son O, Zakharenko A, Kalenik T, Golokhvast K. Spatial Distribution of Polyphenolic Compounds in Corn Grains (Zea mays L. var. Pioneer) Studied by Laser Confocal Microscopy and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Plants. 2022; 11(5):630. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11050630
Chicago/Turabian StyleRazgonova, Mayya, Yulia Zinchenko, Konstantin Pikula, Lyudmila Tekutyeva, Oksana Son, Alexander Zakharenko, Tatiana Kalenik, and Kirill Golokhvast. 2022. "Spatial Distribution of Polyphenolic Compounds in Corn Grains (Zea mays L. var. Pioneer) Studied by Laser Confocal Microscopy and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry" Plants 11, no. 5: 630. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11050630