Phytochemical Profile, Safety and Efficacy of a Herbal Mixture Used for Contraception by Traditional Health Practitioners in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality, South Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Collection and Identification of Voucher Specimens
2.2. Preparation of the Herbal Mixture
2.3. Phytochemical Profile of the Herbal Mixture
2.4. In Vitro Cytotoxicity Test Based on 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyl Tetrazolium Bromide (MTT) Assay
2.5. Acute Oral Toxicity of Herbal Mixture
2.6. In Vivo Contraceptive Efficacy of Herbal Mixture
2.7. Ethical Considerations
2.8. Data Analysis
- d = 0.2 represented small effect and no practically significant difference;
- d = 0.5 represented medium effect and practically visible difference;
- d = 0.8 represented large effect and practically significant difference.
3. Results
3.1. Phytochemical Profile of the Herbal Mixture
3.2. Cytotoxicity of the Herbal Mixture
3.3. Acute Oral Toxicity of the Herbal Mixture
3.4. Contraceptive Efficacy of the Herbal Mixture
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plant (Family) | Voucher Specimen | Local Name | Parts Used | Preparation, Dosage and Administration of Herbal Mixture |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bulbine frutescens (L). Willd. (Xanthorrhoeaceae) | Moroole M.A 2 | Makgabenyane | Roots | Dried plant parts of B. frutescens, H. caespititium and T. trifidum were cut into small pieces, mixed and crushed into powder. Thereafter, 100 g of the herbal mixture was added to 2 l of water, heated until boiling point and allowed to cool. For women, aliquot of 250 mL daily drank once a day, three days before or after sex. |
Helichrysum caespititium (DC.) Harv. (Compositae) | Moroole M.A 1 | Phate ya Ngaka | Leaves | |
Teucrium trifidum Retz. (Lamiaceae) | Moroole M.A 4 | Setlhokotlhoko | Leaves |
Peak | Compound | Molecular Formula * | Molar Weight (G/Mol) * | Retention Time (S) | Area (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2,3-Butanedione | C4H6O2 | 86.09 | 130.9 | 0.0904 |
2 | Butanoic acid, methyl ester | C5H10O2 | 102.131 | 136.5 | 0.0184 |
3 | Acetic acid | C2H4O2 | 60.052 | 314.7 | 5.9440 |
4 | Unknown 1 | - | - | 316.3 | 2.8014 |
5 | 2-Propanone, 1-hydroxy- | C3H6O2 | 74.078 | 631.9 | 0.8804 |
6 | Unknown 2 | - | - | 669.9 | 7.4327 |
7 | Unknown 3 | - | - | 674.4 | 19.942 |
8 | 2,3 Butanediol | C4H10O2 | 90.122 | 679.6 | 44.660 |
9 | Unknown 4 | - | - | 680.2 | 1.7356 |
10 | Pyrrrolidin-1-acetic acid | - | - | 695.1 | 0.5558 |
11 | Unknown 5 | - | - | 849.3 | 0.8718 |
12 | 2,5-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-Furanone | C6H8O3 | 128.13 | 1003.6 | 1.5595 |
13 | Unknown 6 | - | - | 1079.4 | 2.3000 |
14 | Phenol, 4-ethyl- | C8H10O | 122.164 | 1163.4 | 0.2300 |
15 | 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol | C9H10O2 | 150.17 | 1219.1 | 2.6723 |
16 | Glycerin | C3H8O3 | 92.09 | 1232.9 | 4.8424 |
17 | Unknown 7 | - | - | 1298.1 | 0,4270 |
18 | Benzaldehyde, 3-methyl- | C8H8O | 120.15 | 1308.2 | 1.1407 |
19 | Unknown 8 | - | - | 1549.8 | 0.3190 |
20 | Unknown 9 | - | - | 1584 | 0.97792 |
21 | Benzeneethanol, 4-hydroxy- | C8H10O2 | 138.163 | 1725.2 | 0.0030054 |
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Moroole, M.A.; Materechera, S.A.; Otang-Mbeng, W.; Hayeshi, R.; Bester, C.; Aremu, A.O. Phytochemical Profile, Safety and Efficacy of a Herbal Mixture Used for Contraception by Traditional Health Practitioners in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality, South Africa. Plants 2022, 11, 193. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11020193
Moroole MA, Materechera SA, Otang-Mbeng W, Hayeshi R, Bester C, Aremu AO. Phytochemical Profile, Safety and Efficacy of a Herbal Mixture Used for Contraception by Traditional Health Practitioners in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality, South Africa. Plants. 2022; 11(2):193. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11020193
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoroole, Molelekwa Arthur, Simeon Albert Materechera, Wilfred Otang-Mbeng, Rose Hayeshi, Cor Bester, and Adeyemi Oladapo Aremu. 2022. "Phytochemical Profile, Safety and Efficacy of a Herbal Mixture Used for Contraception by Traditional Health Practitioners in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality, South Africa" Plants 11, no. 2: 193. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11020193