Oil Palm Breeding in the Modern Era: Challenges and Opportunities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Genetic Diversity of Oil Palm Germplasm
2.1. Oil Palm Germplasm Characterization
2.2. Morphological Characterization of Oil Palm Germplasm
2.3. Molecular Characterization of Oil Palm Germplasm
2.4. Characterization of Oil Palm Germplasm Using Biochemical Techniques
3. Role of Conventional Breeding in Oil Palm
4. Importance of Tissue Culture in Oil Palm
5. Genetic Engineering of Oil Palm
Explants |
Transformation/
Strain | Vector | Selection Marker | Promoter Used | Reporter Gene |
Transgene/
Expression | Studied Parameters | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Young Leaves | LBA4404 | pUBA | bar | Ubi1 | Gus | Southern Bolt | Study glufosinate-ammonium- resistant transgenic oil palm | [41] |
Embryonic Calli | LBA4404 | pBIDOG | DOGR1, | CaMV35S | Gus | PCR/ Southern Bolt | Introduction of new selection agent | [49] |
Immature Embryo | LBA4404 | pCAMBIA 1310 | nptII | CaMV35S | Gus | Gus Assay | In vitro culture of IE for direct plant regeneration | [42] |
Protoplast, Basidiospore, mycelium | LBA4404 | pCAMBIA 1300 | hyg | gpd fungal promoter | Gus/gfp | PCR | Understanding pathogenicity factor associated with G.boninense | [53] |
Calli Clump | Electroporation | pCAMBIA 1303 | hptII | CaMV35S | GusA/ mgfp5 | PCR | An efficient electroporation-mediated transformation method for oil palm calli | [52] |
Embryonic Calli | Biolistic | pMI11, pMI11G, pMI3, pMI3G | pmi gene | Ubi1, CaMV35S | GusA | PCR/ Southern Bolt | To produce transgenic oil palm by using mannose as a selectable agent | [38] |
Immature Embryo | Biolistic | pBI121 | npt II | CaMV35S | Gus | Gus Assay | In vitro culture of IE for indirect plant regeneration | [42] |
Embryonic Calli | Biolistic | pBINPLUS | hpt | 35S (2XCaMV35S) | GFP | PCR/ Southern Bolt | Increase the level of transgene expression and transformation efficiencies in oil palm | [54] |
Immature Embryo | Biolistic | pPSP’AP-VF6 | HYG | CaMV35S, MSP | - | PCR | Successful integration of antiPATE driven by MSP in American oil palm plantlets | [43] |
6. Association Mapping for QTL Identification
7. Functional Markers and Their Application
Genomic Selection of Oil Palm
8. Genome Editing Technology
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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John Martin, J.J.; Yarra, R.; Wei, L.; Cao, H. Oil Palm Breeding in the Modern Era: Challenges and Opportunities. Plants 2022, 11, 1395. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111395
John Martin JJ, Yarra R, Wei L, Cao H. Oil Palm Breeding in the Modern Era: Challenges and Opportunities. Plants. 2022; 11(11):1395. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111395
Chicago/Turabian StyleJohn Martin, Jerome Jeyakumar, Rajesh Yarra, Lu Wei, and Hongxing Cao. 2022. "Oil Palm Breeding in the Modern Era: Challenges and Opportunities" Plants 11, no. 11: 1395. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111395