A Comprehensive Review on Biology, Genetic Improvement, Agro and Process Technology of German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Taxonomy
Kingdom | Plantae |
Subkingdom | Tracheobionta |
Super division | Spermatophyta |
Division | Magnoliophyta |
Class | Magnoliopsida |
Order | Asterales |
Family | Asteraceae |
Genus | Matricaria |
Species | chamomilla |
Synonyms | Matricaria recutita L.; |
Chamomilla vulgaris Gray | |
Chamaemelum chamomilla (L.) E.H.L.Krause | |
Chrysanthemum chamomilla (L.) Bernh |
3. Chemistry, Processing and Ethanopharmacology
3.1. Bio-Chemical Active Constituents
3.2. Extraction of Essential Oil and Constituents
3.3. Ethanopharmacological Properties and Uses
4. Genetic Improvement
4.1. Breeding Challenges
4.2. Reproductive Biology
4.3. Genetic Diversity
4.4. Breeding Approaches
5. Agro Technology
5.1. Climatic Conditions
5.2. Propagation
5.2.1. Through Seeds
5.2.2. Through Seedlings
5.2.3. In Vitro Propagation
5.3. Field Preparations
5.4. Plant Geometry
5.5. Intercropping
5.6. Nutrient Management
5.7. Water Management
5.8. Weed Management
5.9. Plant Protection
5.10. Harvesting and Yield
6. Trade and Adulteration
7. Safety Issues
8. Patents on Extraction and Medicinal Properties of German Chamomile
8.1. Sub-Critical Water Extraction of Medicinal Plants
8.2. Chamomile Oils Having a High Natural Spiro Ethers, and Process for Their Production
8.3. Chamomilla Extract for the Treatment of Hypertension
8.4. Composition Containing Oils of Chamomile Flower and Black Cumin with Reduced Endotoxins
8.5. Acaricidal Properties of Flower of German Chamomile
8.6. Oil Blend for Skin Treatment
8.7. Hemostatic Dressing Comprising Extract of Chamomile and Nettle
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sr. No. | Major Components | Composition (%) | Population Origin | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Chamazulene | 11.0–21.0 | Finland | [21] |
15.8–19.2 | Germany | [17] | ||
0.7–15.3 | European | [18] | ||
15.1 | Iran | [22] | ||
8.4 | Italy | [23] | ||
4.8–8.0 | Iran | [20] | ||
1.0–6.6 | Iran | [19] | ||
6.4 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | [15] | ||
5.6 | India | [24] | ||
4.7 | Estonia | [25] | ||
4.2 | Khorasan-Razavi, Iran | [26] | ||
2.6–3.3 | Iran | [27] | ||
2.4 | Iran | [16] | ||
2 | α-bisabolol | 0.1–44.2 | European | [18] |
23.9–44.2 | Moldova, Russia and Czech Republic | [28,29] | ||
16.0 | India | [24] | ||
5.6 | Estonia | [25] | ||
5.0 | Khorasan-Razavi, Iran | [26] | ||
2.4 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | [15] | ||
1.7 | Iran | [16] | ||
3 | α-bisabolol oxide A | 57.81 | Egypt | [30] |
3.1–56.0 | European | [18] | ||
33.8–55.4 | Iran | [20] | ||
7.3–55.3 | Iran | [19] | ||
46.5 | Egypt | [31] | ||
37.2–44.5 | Iran | [27] | ||
43.8 | Iran | [16] | ||
20.2–43.2 | Moldova, Russia and Czech Republic | [28,29] | ||
39.4 | Estonia | [25] | ||
36.5 | India | [24] | ||
17.4–35.3 | Germany | [17] | ||
21.5 | Khorasan-Razavi, Iran | [26] | ||
17.14 | Iran | [22] | ||
11.6–16.5 | Brazil | [31] | ||
11.2 | Italy | [23] | ||
7 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | [15] | ||
4 | α-bisabolol oxide B | 3.1–35.7 | Iran | [19] |
15.5–35.6 | Germany | [17] | ||
3.9–27.2 | European | [18] | ||
9.9 | Estonia | [25] | ||
8.6 | India | [24] | ||
4.6–8.1 | Iran | [20] | ||
3.7–7.1 | Iran | [27] | ||
7 | Khorasan-Razavi, Iran | [26] | ||
6.3 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | [15] | ||
5.17 | Iran | [22] | ||
3.8 | Iran | [16] | ||
5 | α-bisabolone oxide A | 8.3–39.9 | Iran | [19] |
0.5–24.8 | European | [18] | ||
11.7–16.5 | Iran | [27] | ||
13.9 | Estonia | [25] | ||
13.6 | Iran | [16] | ||
10 | Khorasan-Razavi, Iran | [26] | ||
4.9–9.1 | Germany | [17] | ||
6.15 | Iran | [22] | ||
3 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | [15] | ||
6 | β-bisabolene | 19.6 | Iran | [16] |
7 | β-farnesene | 29.8 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | [15] |
2.0–19.7 | Iran | [19] | ||
10.8–18.1 | Iran | [20] | ||
13.3–15.4 | Iran | [27] | ||
14 | India | [24] | ||
2.3–6.6 | European | [18] | ||
5.2 | Khorasan-Razavi, Iran | [26] | ||
2.7–3.9 | Germany | [17] | ||
8 | α-farnesene | 9.3 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | [15] |
3.1 | Iran | [16] | ||
9 | cis-en-yn-dicycloether | 8.8–26.1 | European | [18] |
9.7–24.2 | Iran | [19] | ||
11.5 | Estonia | [25] | ||
6.2 | Iran | [22] | ||
10 | Spathulenol | 9.4 | Khorasan-Razavi, Iran | [26] |
3.4 | Iran | [16] | ||
11 | Germacrene D | 6.2 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | [15] |
3.0 | Iran | [22] | ||
12 | Occidol acetate | 7.2–13.4 | Iran | [20] |
13 | Isobornyl isobutyrate | 11.1–14.0 | Germany | [17] |
14 | Z-spiroether | 5.6–9.9 | Iran | [27] |
5.1 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | [15] | ||
15 | n-Octanal | 6.0 | Iran | [22] |
Sr. No. | Properties | Utilizations | References |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Organoleptic | Flavor, taste and color of food | [52] |
2 | Anti-allergic | Effective against allergic reactions | [53,54,55] |
3 | Anti-spasmodic | Abdominal pain, to relax intestinal muscles and irritation | [56,57] |
4 | Anxiolytic | Effective against anxiety | [58,59,60,61] |
5 | Anti-inflammatory | Penetrate deep in skin and reduce redness, swelling, pain and eye irritation | [26,62,63,64] |
6 | Anti-microbial | To inhibit growth of bacteria (Gram-positive and Gram-negative) and fungi | [26,65,66,67,68,69] |
7 | Neuroprotective | Helpful in recovery of neuro disorders | [55] |
8 | Sedative | Induce sleep, sedation and calming effects | [70,71] |
9 | Anti-oxidant | Rich source of antioxidants | [55,72] |
10 | Anti-depressive | Stimulant to relax the muscles and effective against depression | [72,73] |
11 | Anti-cancer | Control over cancerous cells | [55,74] |
12 | Hepatoprotective | To recover liver damage | [55,72,75] |
13 | Anti-diarrheal | In treatment of children’s colic and diarrhea | [72,76,77] |
14 | Gastrointestinal cure | To sooth bowl movement and flatulence | [72,78] |
15 | Healing | Wound healing | [79,80,81,82,83] |
16 | Anti-viral | Relief in common cold and inhibit Poliovirus | [66,84] |
17 | Anti-ulcer | Mouth ulcers, intestinal irritations and ulcers | [85,86] |
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Chauhan, R.; Singh, S.; Kumar, V.; Kumar, A.; Kumari, A.; Rathore, S.; Kumar, R.; Singh, S. A Comprehensive Review on Biology, Genetic Improvement, Agro and Process Technology of German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). Plants 2022, 11, 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11010029
Chauhan R, Singh S, Kumar V, Kumar A, Kumari A, Rathore S, Kumar R, Singh S. A Comprehensive Review on Biology, Genetic Improvement, Agro and Process Technology of German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). Plants. 2022; 11(1):29. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11010029
Chicago/Turabian StyleChauhan, Ramesh, Sanatsujat Singh, Vikas Kumar, Ashok Kumar, Amit Kumari, Shalika Rathore, Rakesh Kumar, and Satbeer Singh. 2022. "A Comprehensive Review on Biology, Genetic Improvement, Agro and Process Technology of German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.)" Plants 11, no. 1: 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11010029