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Volume 10
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10.3390/plants10061070
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Review

Understanding Potential Heavy Metal Contamination, Absorption, Translocation and Accumulation in Rice and Human Health Risks

by
Zuliana Zakaria
1,
Nur Syahirah Zulkafflee
1,
Nurul Adillah Mohd Redzuan
1,
Jinap Selamat
1,2,
Mohd Razi Ismail
3,
Sarva Mangala Praveena
2,4,
Gergely Tóth
5 and
Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis
1,2,6,*
1
Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
2
Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
3
Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
4
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
5
Department of Soil Science and Environmental Informatics, Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia, H-8360 Keszthely, Hungary
6
Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Plants 2021, 10(6), 1070; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10061070
Submission received: 16 January 2021 / Revised: 23 February 2021 / Accepted: 2 March 2021 / Published: 26 May 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heavy Metal Pollution and Plants Growth)
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Abstract

Rice is a worldwide staple food and heavy metal contamination is often reported in rice production. Heavy metal can originate from natural sources or be present through anthropogenic contamination. Therefore, this review summarizes the current status of heavy metal contamination in paddy soil and plants, highlighting the mechanism of uptake, bioaccumulation, and health risk assessment. A scoping search employing Google Scholar, Science Direct, Research Gate, Scopus, and Wiley Online was carried out to build up the review using the following keywords: heavy metals, absorption, translocation, accumulation, uptake, biotransformation, rice, and human risk with no restrictions being placed on the year of study. Cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and lead (Pb) have been identified as the most prevalent metals in rice cultivation. Mining and irrigation activities are primary sources, but chemical fertilizer and pesticide usage also contribute to heavy metal contamination of paddy soil worldwide. Further to their adverse effect on the paddy ecosystem by reducing the soil fertility and grain yield, heavy metal contamination represents a risk to human health. An in-depth discussion is further offered on health risk assessments by quantitative measurement to identify potential risk towards heavy metal exposure via rice consumption, which consisted of in vitro digestion models through a vital ingestion portion of rice.
Keywords: heavy metals; rice; paddy soil; health risk assessment heavy metals; rice; paddy soil; health risk assessment

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MDPI and ACS Style

Zakaria, Z.; Zulkafflee, N.S.; Mohd Redzuan, N.A.; Selamat, J.; Ismail, M.R.; Praveena, S.M.; Tóth, G.; Abdull Razis, A.F. Understanding Potential Heavy Metal Contamination, Absorption, Translocation and Accumulation in Rice and Human Health Risks. Plants 2021, 10, 1070. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10061070

AMA Style

Zakaria Z, Zulkafflee NS, Mohd Redzuan NA, Selamat J, Ismail MR, Praveena SM, Tóth G, Abdull Razis AF. Understanding Potential Heavy Metal Contamination, Absorption, Translocation and Accumulation in Rice and Human Health Risks. Plants. 2021; 10(6):1070. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10061070

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zakaria, Zuliana, Nur Syahirah Zulkafflee, Nurul Adillah Mohd Redzuan, Jinap Selamat, Mohd Razi Ismail, Sarva Mangala Praveena, Gergely Tóth, and Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis. 2021. "Understanding Potential Heavy Metal Contamination, Absorption, Translocation and Accumulation in Rice and Human Health Risks" Plants 10, no. 6: 1070. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10061070

APA Style

Zakaria, Z., Zulkafflee, N. S., Mohd Redzuan, N. A., Selamat, J., Ismail, M. R., Praveena, S. M., Tóth, G., & Abdull Razis, A. F. (2021). Understanding Potential Heavy Metal Contamination, Absorption, Translocation and Accumulation in Rice and Human Health Risks. Plants, 10(6), 1070. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10061070

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