The Response of the Associations of Grass and Epichloë Endophytes to the Increased Content of Heavy Metals in the Soil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Heavy Metals
- -
- very high level of potential threat, e.g., Cd, Hg, Pb, Cu, Zn,
- -
- high level of potential threat, e.g., Mo, Mn, Fe,
- -
- medium level of potential threat, e.g., Ni, Co,
- -
- low level of potential threat, e.g., Sr, Zr.
2.1. Occurrence in the Soil
2.2. The Importance of Heavy Metals for Plants, Animals, and Humans
3. The Symbiosis of Grass-Epichloë
3.1. Occurrence and Importance
3.2. The Effects of Epichloë Endophytes on Plants
4. Response of the Endophyte—Grass Association on the Heavy Metals in the Soil
4.1. Aluminum
4.2. Cadmium
4.3. Copper
4.4. Nickel
4.5. Zinc
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Metal | Land Categories * | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | II | III | IV | |||
II-1 | II-2 | II-3 | ||||
Arsene (As) | 25 | 10 | 20 | 50 | 50 | 100 |
Bar (Ba) | 400 | 200 | 400 | 600 | 1000 | 1500 |
Chrome (Cr) | 200 | 150 | 300 | 500 | 500 | 1000 |
Zinc (Zn) | 500 | 300 | 500 | 1000 | 1000 | 2000 |
Cadmium (Cd) | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 10 | 15 |
Cobalt (Co) | 50 | 20 | 30 | 50 | 100 | 200 |
Copper (Cu) | 200 | 100 | 150 | 300 | 300 | 600 |
Molybdenum (Mo) | 50 | 10 | 25 | 50 | 100 | 250 |
Nickel (Ni) | 150 | 100 | 150 | 300 | 300 | 500 |
Lead (Pb) | 200 | 100 | 250 | 500 | 500 | 600 |
Mercury (Hg) | 0.5 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 10 | 30 |
Metal | Effect | Accumulation |
---|---|---|
Cadmium |
|
|
Lead |
|
|
Arsenic |
|
|
Zinc |
|
|
Chrome |
|
|
Mercury |
|
|
Metal | The Symptoms and Effect | References |
---|---|---|
Lead |
|
|
Cadmium |
|
|
Copper |
|
|
Zinc |
|
|
Grass Species | Epichloë Species | Reference |
---|---|---|
Achnatherum inebrians | E. gansuensis | Li et al. 2004 [74] |
Achnatherum sp. | E.chisosum, E. inebrians, E. funkii | Moon et al. 2004 [75]; Chen et al. 2015 [76]; Leuchtmann et al. 2014 [72] |
Agropyron repens | E. bromicola | Lembicz et al., 2010 [77] |
Agrostis spp. | E. baconii, E. amarillans | Cagnano et al., 2019 [78], Clay and Brown, 1997 [79], White, 1993 [80] |
Ammophila breviligulata | E. amarillans | Drake et al. 2018 [81] |
Anthoxanthum sp. | E. typhina | Cagnano et al., 2019 [78] |
Brachyelyrtum sp. | E. brahyelytrei | Cagnano et al., 2019 [78] |
Brachypodium sp. | E. sylvatica, E. typhina | Cagnano et al., 2019 [78] |
Bromus aleuticus | E. pampeana; E. tembladare | Leuchtman et al. 2014 [72] |
Bromus erectus | Epichloë bromicola | Leuchtmann and Schardl, 1998 [82] |
Bromus laevipes | E. cabralii, E. spp. | Charlton et al. 2014 [83] |
Bromus setifolius | E. tembladerae | Leuchtman et al. [72] |
Bromus setifolius | E.typhina var. aonikenhana | McCargo et al. 2014 [84] |
Bromus setifolius | E. typhina | Gentile et al. 2005 [85] |
Calamagrostis sp. | E. stromatolonga | Song et al. 2016 [86] |
Cinna arundinacea | E. schardlii | Ghimire et al. 2011 [87] |
Dactylis glomerata | E. typhina | Clay and Brown, 1997 [79] |
Elymus canadensis | E. canadensis | Leuchtman et al. 2014 [72] |
Elymus repens | E. elymi, E. bromicola | Cagnano et al., 2019 [78], Leuchtmann and Schardl, 1998 [82] |
Festuca argentina | E. tembladerae | Cabral et al. 2007 [88] |
Festuca brevipila | E. festucae | Clarke et al. 2006 [89] |
Festuca arizonica | E. huerfanum, E. tembladare | Moon et al. 2004 [75] |
Festuca arundinacea | E. coenophialum | Cagnano et al., 2019 [78] |
Festuca gigantea | E. festucae | Leuchtmann et al., 1994 [90] |
Festuca hieronymi | E. tembladerae | Cabral et al. 2007 [88] |
Festuca longifolia | E. festucae | Niones and Takemoto 2014 [91] |
Festuca pratensis | E. uncinatum, E. siegelii | Craven et al., 2001 [92], Gams et al., 1990 [93] |
Festuca pulchella | E. festucae | Niones and Takemoto 2014 [91] |
Festuca rubra | E. festucae | Clay and Brown, 1997 [79], Leuchtmann et al., 1994, [90] |
Festuca sinensis | E. sp. | Zhou et al. 2015 [94] |
Festuca sp. | E. sinofestucae | Song et al. 2016 [86] |
Glyceria sp. | E. glyceriae | Schardl and Leuchtmann 1999 [95] |
Holcus lunatus | E. clarkii | Clay and Brown, 1997 [79], Leuchtmann et al., 2014 [72] |
Holcusmollis | E. mollis | Clay and Brown,1997 [79], Morgan- Jones and Gams, 1982 [73] |
Hordelymus sp. | E. disjuncta, E. danica, E. hordelymi, E. sylvatica subsp. pollinensisi | Leuchtmann and Oberhofer, 2013 [96]; Leuchtmann et al., 2014 [72] |
Hordeus comosum | E. tembladerae; E.amarillans; E. typhina hybrids | Iannone et al. 2015 [97] |
Koeleria cristata | E. festucae | Niones and Takemoto 2014 [91] |
Leymus chinensis | E. bromicola | Wang et al., 2016 [98] |
Lolium canariense | E. typhinum var. canariense | Moon et al., 2000 [99] |
Lolium multiflorum | E. occultans | Moon et al., 2000 [99] |
Lolium perenne | E. festucae var. lolii, E. typhina, E. lolii, E. hybrida | Latch et al., 1984 [100], Morgan-Jones and Gams, 1982 [73] |
Lolium rigidum | E. occultans | Leuchtmann et al., 2014 [72] |
Melica ciliata | E. guerinii | Leuchtman et al. 2014 [72] |
Melica decumbens | E. melicicola | Moon et al. 2004 [75]; Moon et al. 2002 [101] |
Phleum alpinum | E. tembladerae | Leuchtman et al. 2014 [72] |
Phleum alpinum | E. cabralii | McCargo et al. 2014 [84] |
Phleum sp. | E. typhina | Cagnano et al., 2019 [78] |
Poa alsodes | E. alsodes | Shymanovich et al. 2017 [102] |
Poa secunda ssp. junicolia | E. poae | Tadych et al., 2012 [103] |
Poa spp. | E. typhina, E. typhina subsp. poae, | Tadych et al., 2012 [103] |
Poa spp. | E. liyangensis | Li et al. 2006 [104] |
Roegneria sp. | E. sinica, E yangzii | Song et al. 2016 [86]; Li et al. 2006 [104] |
Sphaenopholis sp. | E. amarilians | Cagnano et al., 2019 [78] |
Host | Fungi | Effect | References |
---|---|---|---|
Achnatherum inebrians | Epichloë gansuensis (=Neotyphodium gansuense) | better germination rates and index in the high concentration of cadmium, increased tolerance to cadmium by improving the antioxidant defense system | Zhang et al. 2010a [170], Zhang et al. 2010b [171] |
Elymus dahuricus | Epichloë spp. (=Neotyphodium spp.) | positively affected seed germination and seedling growth exposed to high Cd concentration | Zhang et al. 2012 [172] |
Festuca arundinacea | Epichloë coenophiala (=Neotyphodium coenophialum) | increased exudation of phenolic-like compounds from roots improved Al tolerance | Malinowski and Belesky 1999 [175] |
Festuca arundinacea, F. pratensis | Epichloë spp. | improved cadmium tolerance and bioaccumulation and showed better germination potential | Soleimani et al. 2010a [167] |
Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne | Epichloë spp. (=Neotyphodium spp.) | accumulation and transport more Zn in aboveground parts under Zn-stress, a significant effect on the photochemical efficiency of photosynthesis | Zamani et al. 2015 [174] |
Lolium arundinaceum (Festuca arundinacea) | Epichloë coenophiala (=Neotyphodium coenophialum) | enhanced Cd accumulation in plant and improved its transport from the root to the shoot | Ren et al. 2011 [184] |
Lolium perenne | ryegrass endophytes | increase Cd transport and accumulation in shoots | Ren et a. 2006 [179] |
Lolium perenne | Epichloë spp. | the increase of accumulation of cadmium and copper in aerial parts of the host plants, better plant growth and photosynthesis in the elevated concentration of Cu | Żurek et al. (in press) [145] |
Lolium perenne | Epichloë lolii (=Neotyphodium lolii) | a limitation of the Zn concentration in the leaves | Monnet et al. 2001 [142] |
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Wiewióra, B.; Żurek, G. The Response of the Associations of Grass and Epichloë Endophytes to the Increased Content of Heavy Metals in the Soil. Plants 2021, 10, 429. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10030429
Wiewióra B, Żurek G. The Response of the Associations of Grass and Epichloë Endophytes to the Increased Content of Heavy Metals in the Soil. Plants. 2021; 10(3):429. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10030429
Chicago/Turabian StyleWiewióra, Barbara, and Grzegorz Żurek. 2021. "The Response of the Associations of Grass and Epichloë Endophytes to the Increased Content of Heavy Metals in the Soil" Plants 10, no. 3: 429. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10030429