Phytochemical Screening, Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Biomass from Lychnis flos-cuculi L. In Vitro Cultures and Intact Plants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Plant Material Obtained from In Vitro Cultures
2.2. Preliminary TLC Analysis
2.3. UHPLC-MS Analysis
2.4. Total Phenolic, Total Phenolic Acid and Total Flavonoid Content
2.5. Preliminary Determination of Antioxidant Activity and Radical Scavenging Activity
2.6. The Correlation between Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Material and In Vitro Cultures
4.2. Preliminary TLC Analysis
4.3. UHPLC-MS Analysis
4.3.1. Plant Material and Preparation of Samples
4.3.2. UHPLC Conditions
4.4. Determination of the Total Phenolic (TP), Total Phenolic Acid (TPA) and Total Flavonoid (TF) Content
4.5. Determination of the Antioxidant Capacity
4.6. Determination of the Radical Scavenging Activity
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Rt (min) | Tentative Identification | UV (nm) | [M + H]+ m/z | [M − H]− m/z | MS2 | Compound Class | Present in: | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.66 | quinic acid derivative | 197 | 191 | 377, 191 | PA | R | not found | |
2 | 0.68 | quinic acid derivative | 197 | 377 | 377, 191 | PA | H | not found | |
3 | 0.87 | quinic acid | 195 | 191 | 191 | PA | H, R | not found | |
4 | 2.46 | quinic acid derivative | 355 | 355, 191 | PA | H | not found | ||
5 | 3.01 | quinic acid derivative | 355 | 355, 209, 191 | PA | H | not found | ||
6 | 4.8 | ferulic acid derivative | 198, 282 | 195 | 136, 195 | PA | C | not found | |
7 | 5.04 | apigenin derivative | 218, 290, 350 | 433 | 253, 271, 433 | F | C | not found | |
8 | 5.39 | benzoic acid glycoside | 198, 224 | 253 | 253, 121 | PA | R | not found | |
9 | 6.05 | dalpanin | 202, 222, 327 | 533 | 267, 353, 533 | F | C | not found | |
10 | 6.5 | apigenin-6,8-di-C-β-D-glucopyranoside (vicenin II) | 212, 269, 350 | 595 | 595, 449, 431, 329 | F | H | [6,21] | |
11 | 7.48 | vitexin rhamnoside (vitexin derivative) | 214, 270, 339 | 579 | 579, 433, 415, 313 | F | H | [6,21] | |
12 | 8 | luteolin-8-C-β-D-glucopyranoside derivative (orientin derivative) | 215, 269, 341 | 619 | 619, 607, 447, 323 | F | H | [6,21] | |
13 | 8.14 | apigenin-5-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl, 8-C-(6″acetyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside | 213, 269, 350 | 635 | 635, 619, 607, 329 | F | H | [6,21] | |
14 | 8.42 | 20-hydroxyecdysone | 247 | 479 | 525, 479 | E | H, R | [22,23,24] | |
15 | 8.47 | polypodine B | 228 | 495 | 541, 495 | E | H, R | [22,23] | |
16 | 8.83 | 20-hydroxyecdysone derivative (ajugasterone C) | 220 | 479 | 525, 479 | E | R | [22,23,24] | |
17 | 8.91 | integristerone A | 220 | 495 | 541, 495 | E | R | [22,23,24] | |
18 | 9.16 | luteolin-8-C-β-D-glucopyranoside derivative (orientin derivative) isomer I | 214, 270, 338 | 619 | 619, 577, 495, 315 | F | H | [6,21] | |
19 | 9.51 | unknown C-glycosyl derivative | 215, 270, 339 | 661 | 661, 619, 523 | F | H | [21] | |
20 | 9.7 | unknown C-glycosyl derivative | 215, 271, 330 | 705 | 705, 661, 619, 309 | F | H | [21] | |
21 | 9.85 | quillaic acid or gypsogenic acid-triterpene glycoside derivative | 972 | 972, 648, 485, 323 | TS | R | [25] | ||
22 | 10.09 | ecdysone | 465 | 465, 447, 429 | E | R | [24,26,27] | ||
23 | 10.6 | apigenin-5-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl, 8-C-(6″acetyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside derivative | 219, 271, 330 | 621 | 621, 475, 379, 313 | F | H | [6,21] | |
24 | 10.76 | viticosterone E | 222 | 521 | 567, 521 | E | R | [27,28] | |
25 | 10.83 | unknown C-glycosyl derivative | 216, 270, 338 | 661 | 661, 619, 509 | F | H | [21] | |
26 | 11.34 | unknown C-glycosyl derivative | 217, 270, 338 | 703 | 747, 703, 661 | F | H | [6,21] | |
27 | 11.81 | quillaic acid or gypsogenic acid-triterpene glycoside derivative | 649 | 649, 487, 469, 325 | TS | R | [25] | ||
28 | 12.13 | quillaic acid or gypsogenic acid-triterpene glycoside derivative | 730 | 730, 649, 487, 325 | TS | R | [25] | ||
29 | 12.53 | quillaic acid or gypsogenic acid-triterpene glycoside derivative | 1150 | 1150, 663, 485, 351 | TS | H | [25] | ||
30 | 12.68 | quillaic acid or gypsogenic acid-triterpene glycoside derivative | 735 | 735, 648, 485, 323 | TS | R | [25] | ||
31 | 12.95 | quillaic acid or gypsogenic acid-triterpene glycoside derivative, isomer I | 1134 | 1134, 647, 485, 310 | TS | H | [25] | ||
32 | 13.88 | quillaic acid or gypsogenic acid-triterpene glycoside derivative | 1134 | 1134, 711, 647, 485, 323 | TS | R | [25] | ||
33 | 13.89 | quillaic acid or gypsogenic acid-triterpene glycoside derivative, isomer II | 1134 | 1134, 647, 485, 310 | TS | H | [25] | ||
34 | 14.4 | unidentified | not detected | 659 | 211, 329, 659 | TS | C | not found | |
35 | 14.61 | gypsogenin-triterpene glycoside derivative | 1231 | 639, 469, 350 | TS | H | [25] | ||
36 | 14.62 | gypsogenin-triterpene glycoside derivative | 1231 | 638, 469, 307 | TS | R | [25] | ||
37 | 15.3 | quillaic acid or gypsogenic acid-triterpene glycoside derivative | not detected | 880 | 191, 405, 485, 761, 880 | TS | C | not found | |
38 | 15.48 | quillaic acid or gypsogenic acid-triterpene glycoside derivative, isomer III | 972 | 972, 485, 312 | TS | H | [25] | ||
39 | 15.8 | quillaic acid or gypsogenic acid-triterpene glycoside derivative | not detected | 799 | 191, 330, 405, 485, 661, 799 | TS | C | not found | |
40 | 16.14 | unidentified | 1116 | 1116, 771, 329 | TS | H | not found | ||
41 | 16.49 | unidentified | 1684 | 842, 792, 624, 329 | TS | H | not found | ||
42 | 16.54 | quillaic acid or gypsogenic acid-triterpene glycoside derivative | not detected | 901 | 191, 405, 485, 761, 901 | TS | C | [25] | |
43 | 16.61 | quillaic acid or gypsogenic acid-triterpene glycoside derivative | not detected | 769 | 405, 411, 485, 761, 769 | TS | C | not found | |
44 | 16.94 | oleanolic acid-triterpene glycoside derivative | 1452 | 726, 467 | TS | R | [25] | ||
45 | 16.97 | quillaic acid or gypsogenic acid-triterpene glycoside derivative | not detected | 820 | 191, 330, 405, 485, 661, 820 | TS | C | not found | |
46 | 17.41 | quillaic acid or gypsogenic acid-triterpene glycoside derivative | 1138 | 726, 487, 469, 189 | TS | R | [25] | ||
47 | 17.63 | unidentified | 929 | 929, 883 | TS | H | not found | ||
48 | 18.39 | unidentified | 1364 | 682 | TS | H | not found | ||
49 | 18.79 | quillaic acid or gypsogenic acid-triterpene glycoside derivative | 1494 | 749, 487, 393, 189 | TS | R | [25] | ||
50 | 19.06 | gypsogenin-triterpene glycoside derivative | 717 | 717, 469, 453, 189 | TS | R | [25] | ||
51 | 19.2 | quillaic acid or gypsogenic acid-triterpene glycoside derivative | not detected | 1275 | 177, 405, 485, 599, 660, 1275 | TS | C | not found | |
52 | 19.5 | unidentified | 1406 | 703 | TS | H | not found | ||
53 | 19.75 | quillaic acid or gypsogenic acid-triterpene glycoside derivative, isomer I | 768 | 768, 485, 435, 323 | TS | R | [25] | ||
54 | 20.02 | quillaic acid or gypsogenic acid-triterpene glycoside derivative, isomer II | 768 | 768, 485, 435, 323 | TS | R | [25] | ||
55 | 20.37 | gypsogenin-triterpene glycoside derivative | 739 | 739, 469, 453, 189 | TS | R | [25] |
Plant Material | Total Phenolics (mg GAE g−1 d.w.) | Total Phenolic Acids (mg CAE g−1 d.w.) | Total Flavonoids (µg QE g−1 d.w.) | FRAP (mg AAE g−1 d.w.) | DPPH, IC50 (mg d.w. mL−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ns-F | 195.40 ± 4.68 a | 3.88 ± 0.22 a | 1469 ± 76 a | 20.14 ± 0.62 a | 4.33 ± 1.51 a |
Ns-H | 112.10 ± 6.77 b | 2.62 ± 0.14 b | 1232 ± 55 b | 11.46 ± 0.16 b | 10.97 ± 0.33 b |
Ns-R | 41.86 ± 1.31 d | 0.52 ± 0.03 f | 14 ± 3 f | 5.72 ± 0.37 c | 52.78 ± 3.03 e |
InV-S | 106.38 ± 5.91 b | 1.60 ± 0.05 d | 701 ± 50 d | 5.96 ± 0.23 c | 43.47 ± 1.77 d |
InV-R | 63.60 ± 6.31 c | 1.08 ± 0.27 e | 470 ± 23 e | 5.13 ± 0.13 d | 44.22 ± 2.24 d |
InV-C | 22.07 ± 0.68 e | 2.13 ± 0.17 c | 0 ± 0 g | 2.02 ± 0.13 e | >100 1 |
ExV-H | 113.47 ± 4.95 b | 2.25 ± 0.09 c | 886 ± 49 c | 11.42 ± 0.63 b | 19.58 ± 0.75 c |
ExV-R | 43.54 ± 5.30 d | 0.44 ± 0.05 g | 7 ± 3 f | 5.18 ± 0.41 d | 93.30 ± 3.99 f |
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Maliński, M.P.; Kikowska, M.A.; Soluch, A.; Kowalczyk, M.; Stochmal, A.; Thiem, B. Phytochemical Screening, Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Biomass from Lychnis flos-cuculi L. In Vitro Cultures and Intact Plants. Plants 2021, 10, 206. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020206
Maliński MP, Kikowska MA, Soluch A, Kowalczyk M, Stochmal A, Thiem B. Phytochemical Screening, Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Biomass from Lychnis flos-cuculi L. In Vitro Cultures and Intact Plants. Plants. 2021; 10(2):206. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020206
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaliński, Michał P., Małgorzata Anna Kikowska, Agata Soluch, Mariusz Kowalczyk, Anna Stochmal, and Barbara Thiem. 2021. "Phytochemical Screening, Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Biomass from Lychnis flos-cuculi L. In Vitro Cultures and Intact Plants" Plants 10, no. 2: 206. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020206