Application of K and Zn Influences the Mineral Accumulation More in Hybrid Than Inbred Maize Cultivars
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Pot Experiment
2.1.1. Experimental Soil Details
2.1.2. Experiment Details
2.2. Plant Analysis
2.2.1. Determination of Morphological Attributes of Maize Crop
2.2.2. Physiological and Gas Exchange Parameters
2.2.3. Nutrient Concentration
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effect of K and Zinc on Biometric Attributes
3.2. Effect of K and Zn on Physiological Attributes
3.3. Effect of K and Zn on Gas Exchange and Nutrient Contents (K and Zn)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Cultivar | Genotypes | Plant Height (cm) | Plant Fresh Weight (cm) | Plant Dry Weight (cm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
K0Zn0 | Inbred | Neelam | 62.00 ± 3.3 u | 51.20 ± 2.2 mn | 10.63 ± 0.61 o–r |
Afghoi | 69.53 ± 2.9 t | 55.83 ± 3.4 mn | 11.30 ± 0.55 k–o | ||
Hybrid | DK-6142 | 59.67 ± 3.4 u | 50.23 ± 1.7 mn | 10.07 ± 0.46 rs | |
P-1543 | 58.00 ± 3.6 u | 49.17 ± 2.3 n | 9.90 ± 0.24 s | ||
K0Zn6 | Inbred | Neelam | 79.37 ± 2.4 p–s | 56.17 ± 3.7 jk | 11.40 ± 0.52 k–n |
Afghoi | 82.97 ± 5.3 n–r | 61.53 ± 2.8 e–h | 12.30 ± 0.61 f–i | ||
Hybrid | DK-6142 | 77.03 ± 4.2 rs | 54.27 ± 3.2 j–l | 10.90 ± 0.43 n–q | |
P-1543 | 74.70 ± 4.7 st | 51.43 ± 1.6 lm | 10.23 ± 0.38 q–s | ||
K0Zn12 | Inbred | Neelam | 86.90 ± 5.5 l–o | 57.77 ± 3.4 g–j | 11.67 ± 0.44 i–l |
Afghoi | 93.17 ± 6.4 i–l | 63.80 ± 4.1 d–f | 12.43 ± 0.56 d–h | ||
Hybrid | DK-6142 | 84.23 ± 3.8 n–q | 56.67 ± 2.7 ij | 11.33 ± 0.49 k–n | |
P-1543 | 83.23 ± 3.5 n–r | 54.53 ± 3.3 j–l | 10.93 ± 0.35 m–p | ||
Zn0K30 | Inbred | Neelam | 81.80 ± 4.3 o–r | 56.50 ± 2.9 j | 11.50 ± 0.58 j–n |
Afghoi | 84.53 ± 6.2 m–p | 62.17 ± 4.6 e–g | 12.40 ± 0.77 e–h | ||
Hybrid | DK-6142 | 79.47 ± 2.7 p–s | 54.73 ± 1.3 j–l | 11.00 ± 0.38 l–o | |
P-1543 | 77.80 ± 2.5 q–s | 51.83 ± 1.7 k–m | 10.30 ± 0.29 p–s | ||
Zn6K30 | Inbred | Neelam | 97.77 ± 4.6 f–i | 61.67 ± 2.5 e–h | 12.40 ± 0.41 e–h |
Afghoi | 102.73 ± 7.7 e–g | 69.07 ± 3.2 bc | 13.60 ± 0.64 bc | ||
Hybrid | DK-6142 | 96.43 ± 5.3 g–j | 61.17 ± 3.3 f–i | 12.17 ± 0.33 g–j | |
P-1543 | 95.10 ± 3.8 h–k | 63.47 ± 3.7 d–f | 12.60 ± 0.53 d–g | ||
Zn12K30 | Inbred | Neelam | 103.47 ± 6.5 d–f | 64.63 ± 4.1 c–f | 12.77 ± 0.73 d–g |
Afghoi | 107.60 ± 2.4 b–e | 72.17 ± 4.8 b | 13.97 ± 0.47 b | ||
Hybrid | DK-6142 | 101.13 ± 5.7 e–h | 62.10 ± 3.6 e–g | 12.70 ± 0.66 d–g | |
P-1543 | 102.13 ± 4.4 e–g | 65.83 ± 4.2 c–e | 12.87 ± 0.36 d–f | ||
Zn0K60 | Inbred | Neelam | 91.03 ± 2.6 j–m | 58.50 ± 1.9 g–j | 11.87 ± 0.29 h–k |
Afghoi | 97.73 ± 5.3 f–i | 65.93 ± 2.7 c–e | 12.87 ± 0.55 d–f | ||
Hybrid | DK-6142 | 89.03 ± 4.8 k–n | 57.20 ± 1.7 h–j | 11.40 ± 0.32 k–n | |
P-1543 | 87.70 ± 5.2 l–o | 58.30 ± 2.3 g–j | 11.60 ± 0.28 j–m | ||
Zn6K60 | Inbred | Neelam | 106.53 ±7.4 b–e | 66.07 ± 3.5 c–e | 13.03 ± 0.76 c–e |
Afghoi | 112.50 ± 8.3 ab | 79.50 ± 3.7 a | 15.93 ± 0.83 a | ||
Hybrid | DK-6142 | 104.53 ± 3.6 c–e | 63.13 ± 2.8 d–f | 12.50 ± 0.44 d–h | |
P-1543 | 105.53 ± 4.5 c–e | 67.10 ± 2.9 cd | 13.10 ± 0.59 b | ||
Zn12K60 | Inbred | Neelam | 112.80 ± 7.7 ab | 71.70 ± 3.2 b | 14.07 ± 0.65 b |
Afghoi | 118.20 ± 6.8 a | 83.70 ± 4.4 a | 16.13 ± 0.88 a | ||
Hybrid | DK-6142 | 109.47 ± 4.7 b–d | 65.83 ± 4.1 c–e | 12.87 ± 0.33 d–f | |
P-1543 | 110.47 ± 5.6 bc | 73.10 ± 2.9 b | 14.00 ± 0.74 b |
Treatment | Cultivar | Genotypes | RWC (%) | MSI (%) | Chlorophyll Contents (SPAD Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
K0Zn0 | Inbred | Neelam | 38.62 ± 1.8 u | 59.17 ± 1.4 r | 0.48 ± 0.9 r |
Afghoi | 35.96 ± 1.9 u | 53.50 ± 1.8 s | 17.82 ± 0.8 r | ||
Hybrid | DK-6142 | 48.97 ± 1.2 s | 52.65 ± 1.3 s | 20.17 ± 0.8 r | |
P-1543 | 43.56 ± 3.1 t | 50.99 ± 1.0 s | 18.93 ± 0.7 r | ||
K0Zn6 | Inbred | Neelam | 51.09 ± 1.3 rs | 69.87 ± 1.5 m–o | 26.79 ± 0.9 pq |
Afghoi | 48.47 ± 2.7 s | 62.33 ± 1.1 qr | 25.46 ± 1.2 q | ||
Hybrid | DK-6142 | 61.23 ± 2.3 l–n | 62.89 ± 1.3 qr | 29.04 ± 1.6 n–q | |
P-1543 | 58.28 ± 0.7 n–p | 59.55 ± 1.7 r | 26.71 ± 1.3 pq | ||
K0Zn12 | Inbred | Neelam | 55.20 ± 1.8 p–r | 74.57 ± 3.4 i–m | 30.94 ± 2.1 l–o |
Afghoi | 54.36 ± 2.8 p–r | 68.23 ± 2.0 n–p | 27.94 ± 1.3 o–q | ||
Hybrid | DK-6142 | 67.35 ± 0.3 ij | 68.38 ± 1.8 n–p | 32.08 ± 1.9 k–n | |
P-1543 | 64.15 ± 3.4 j–m | 65.05 ± 2.4 o–q | 30.08 ± 2.2 l–p | ||
Zn0K30 | Inbred | Neelam | 52.68 ± 2.0 q–s | 70.30 ± 2.3 l–n | 27.21 ± 1.6 o–q |
Afghoi | 50.06 ± 3.7 s | 62.83 ± 1.8 qr | 25.54 ± 1.5 q | ||
Hybrid | DK-6142 | 62.91 ± 1.0 k–m | 63.27 ± 1.9 p–r | 29.82 ± 2.2 m–p | |
P-1543 | 59.95 ± 1.8 m–o | 59.98 ± 1.6 qr | 27.16 ± 1.9 pq | ||
Zn6K30 | Inbred | Neelam | 68.34 ± 2.9 ij | 82.13 ± 3.6 f–h | 37.89 ± 2.8 g–i |
Afghoi | 66.87 ± 4.2 jk | 75.80 ± 3.3 i–k | 35.56 ± 1.6 i–k | ||
Hybrid | DK-6142 | 76.48 ± 2.3 e–g | 78.09 ± 2.6 h–j | 40.29 ± 2.1 f–h | |
P-1543 | 73.19 ± 3.5 gh | 74.59 ± 2.3 i–m | 36.62 ± 1.7 h–j | ||
Zn12K30 | Inbred | Neelam | 74.29 ± 3.0 f–h | 88.10 ± 4.0 b–d | 41.37 ± 2.4 fg |
Afghoi | 71.25 ± 1.8 hi | 82.77 ± 2.7 f–h | 38.70 ± 1.9 g–i | ||
Hybrid | DK-6142 | 80.80 ± 1.6 cd | 81.20 ± 2.5 f–h | 46.83 ± 2.5 b–d | |
P-1543 | 77.11 ± 4.1 d–g | 78.86 ± 1.4 hi | 42.83 ± 2.9 ef | ||
Zn0K60 | Inbred | Neelam | 60.71 ± 1.3 m–o | 79.37 ± 2.8 g–i | 32.84 ± 1.4 k–m |
Afghoi | 56.86 ± 3.7 o–q | 71.70 ± 1.6 j–n | 33.84 ± 1.7 j–l | ||
Hybrid | DK-6142 | 73.36 ± 1.0 gh | 75.07 ± 2.5 i–l | 37.94 ± 2.2 g–i | |
P-1543 | 65.27 ± 2.2 j–l | 73.07 ± 1.5 j–n | 32.64 ± 1.5 k–n | ||
Zn6K60 | Inbred | Neelam | 80.45 ± 1.4 c–e | 91.87 ± 1.9 ab | 45.87 ±2.6 b–e |
Afghoi | 77.08 ± 4.4 d–g | 85.20 ± 2.5 d–f | 43.47 ± 2.8 d–f | ||
Hybrid | DK-6142 | 83.92 ± 2.1 bc | 85.90 ± 2.7 c–f | 49.43 ± 1.9 b | |
P-1543 | 77.84 ± 2.7 d–f | 77.78 ± 1.5 h–j | 42.89 ± 1.6 ef | ||
Zn12K60 | Inbred | Neelam | 89.31 ± 2.2 a | 94.40 ± 2.2 a | 48.28 ± 2.7 bc |
Afghoi | 83.11 ± 3.2 c | 89.73 ± 1.4 a–d | 45.61 ± 1.8 c–e | ||
Hybrid | DK-6142 | 88.08 ± 3.8 ab | 90.70 ± 2.3 a–c | 54.54 ± 1.4 a | |
P-1543 | 82.43 ± 3.2 c | 84.37 ± 1.9 e–g | 49.40 ± 1.8 a |
Treatment | Cultivar | Genotypes | Photosynthetic Rate (µmol m−2 s−1) | Transpiration Rate (mmol m−2 s−1) | Stomatal Conductance (mmol m−2 s−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
K0Zn0 | Inbred | Neelam | 15.73 ± 1.56 qr | 3.85 ± 0.19 p | 0.12 ± 0.03 q |
Afghoi | 13.73 ± 1.03 r | 3.30 ± 0.24 pq | 0.08 ± 0.01 r | ||
Hybrid | DK-6142 | 19.40 ± 0.95 no | 3.19 ± 0.12 pq | 0.153 ± 0.02 m–p | |
P-1543 | 16.73 ± 1.07 pq | 2.97 ± 0.09 q | 0.13 ± 0.05 pq | ||
K0Zn6 | Inbred | Neelam | 20.23 ± 1.08 m–o | 6.36 ± 0.12 j–n | 0.170 ± 0.09 k–o |
Afghoi | 18.57 ± 0.86 op | 5.64 ± 0.33 m–p | 0.14 ± 0.04 o–q | ||
Hybrid | DK-6142 | 23.23 ± 1.51 j–l | 5.53 ± 0.18 n–p | 0.19 ± 0.07 j–l | |
P-1543 | 21.57 ± 0.97 k–n | 5.07 ± 0.21 p | 0.16 ± 0.04 l–p | ||
K0Zn12 | Inbred | Neelam | 23.47 ± 0.89 jk | 7.12 ± 0.18 h–j | 0.22 ± 0.08 h–j |
Afghoi | 20.80 ± 1.11 l–o | 6.43 ± 0.45 j–m | 0.183 ± 0.06 k–m | ||
Hybrid | DK-6142 | 25.47 ± 0.96 h–j | 6.31 ± 0.39 j–n | 0.24 ± 0.06 g–i | |
P-1543 | 24.50 ± 0.89 ij | 6.02 ± 0.35 k–o | 0.213 ± 0.1 ij | ||
Zn0K30 | Inbred | Neelam | 20.37 ± 1.05 m–o | 6.40 ± 0.35 j–m | 0.173 ± 0.09 k–o |
Afghoi | 18.70 ± 0.78 op | 6.05 ± 0.28 k–0 | 0.150 ± 0.11 n–p | ||
Hybrid | DK-6142 | 23.03 ± 0.83 j–l | 5.61 ± 0.36 m–p | 0.20 ± 0.05 jk | |
P-1543 | 22.03 ± 1.13 k–m | 5.25 ± 0.21 op | 0.173 ± 0.11 k–o | ||
Zn6K30 | Inbred | Neelam | 26.93 ± 1.64 g–i | 8.35 ± 0.52 e–g | 0.26 ± 0.09 fg |
Afghoi | 25.27 ± 1.07 h–j | 6.85 ± 0.41 i–k | 0.216 ± 0.08 ij | ||
Hybrid | DK-6142 | 30.27 ± 1.53 ef | 7.77 ± 0.28 gh | 0.29 ± 0.16 d–f | |
P-1543 | 27.60 ± 1.23 gh | 6.96 ± 0.44 h–j | 0.256 ± 0.12 g | ||
Zn12K30 | Inbred | Neelam | 28.83 ± 0.81 fg | 9.37 ± 0.51 d | 0.29 ± 0.07 d–f |
Afghoi | 27.13 ± 1.33 gh | 8.29 ± 0.39 e–g | 0.25 ± 0.05 gh | ||
Hybrid | DK-6142 | 33.83 ± 1.45 b | 8.27 ± 0.47 fg | 0.32 ± 0.11 c | |
P-1543 | 30.83 ± 1.49 ef | 7.31 ± 0.22 hi | 0.30 ± 0.13 c–e | ||
Zn0K60 | Inbred | Neelam | 23.80 ± 0.95 jk | 7.31 ± 0.31 hi | 0.22 ± 0.04 h–j |
Afghoi | 21.77 ± 0.77 k–n | 6.79 ± 0.15 i–l | 0.180 ± 0.11 k–n | ||
Hybrid | DK-6142 | 27.13 ± 1.17 gh | 6.68 ± 0.25 i–l | 0.25 ± 0.09 gh | |
P-1543 | 25.47 ± 1.35 h–j | 5.97 ± 0.14 l–o | 0.215 ± 0.06 ij | ||
Zn6K60 | Inbred | Neelam | 30.73 ± 1.63 ef | 10.49 ± 0.66 bc | 0.32 ± 0.11 c |
Afghoi | 29.07 ± 1.88 fg | 9.52 ± 0.49 d | 0.27 ± 0.18 e–f | ||
Hybrid | DK-6142 | 35.40 ± 1.19 b | 9.14 ± 0.29 de | 0.36 ± 0.15 b | |
P-1543 | 32.07 ± 1.58 c–e | 8.32 ± 0.35 e–g | 0.31 ± 0.06 cd | ||
Zn12K60 | Inbred | Neelam | 33.47 ± 1.45 b–d | 12.28 ± 0.69 a | 0.35 ± 0.15 b |
Afghoi | 31.13 ± 0.98 d–f | 10.86 ± 0.55 b | 0.30 ± 0.09 c–e | ||
Hybrid | DK-6142 | 38.13 ± 1.12 a | 9.85 ± 0.37 cd | 0.39 ± 0.14 a | |
P-1543 | 34.80 ± 1.05 b | 9.10 ± 0.63 d–f | 0.36 ± 0.17 ab |
Treatment | Cultivar | Genotypes | Internal CO2 Concentration (µmol mol−1) | Shoot Zn (mg kg−1) | Shoot K (g kg−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
K0Zn0 | Inbred | Neelam | 131.8 ± 16 st | 18.3 ± 0.7 st | 1.28 ± 0.03 op |
Afghoi | 110.5 ± 11 t | 17.2 ± 1.6 t | 1.243 ± 0.01 p | ||
Hybrid | DK-6142 | 149.8 ± 13 p–s | 19.1 ± 2.4 r–t | 1.383± 0.02 lm | |
P-1543 | 135.9 ± 7 rs | 18.1 ± 1.6 st | 1.35 ± 0.03 mn | ||
K0Zn6 | Inbred | Neelam | 158.1 ± 20 p–r | 22.4 ± 1.5 n–p | 1.3 ± 0.04 o |
Afghoi | 136.5 ± 17 rs | 21.4 ± 2 o–q | 1.27 ± 0.01 op | ||
Hybrid | DK-6142 | 168.2 ± 04 n–p | 23.7 ± 1.3 l–n | 1.40 ± 0.06 l | |
P-1543 | 154.3 ± 09 p–s | 22.9 ± 0.7 no | 1.37 ± 0.03 lm | ||
K0Zn12 | Inbred | Neelam | 188.4 ± 11 m–o | 26.6 ± 3.5 g–j | 1.31 ± 0.02 no |
Afghoi | 166.4 ± 08 o–q | 25.1 ± 2.7 i–m | 1.29 ± 0.01 o | ||
Hybrid | DK-6142 | 191.4 ± 14 mn | 28.6 ± 3.3 c–g | 1.41 ± 0.05 l | |
P-1543 | 171.7 ± 12 n–p | 27.8 ± 4.4 e–h | 1.38 ± 0.04 lm | ||
Zn0K30 | Inbred | Neelam | 165.7 ± 08 o–q | 19.6 ± 0.9 q–s | 2.23 ± 0.07 ij |
Afghoi | 142.4 ± 11 q–s | 18.3 ± 1.8 rs | 2.18 ± 0.02 k | ||
Hybrid | DK-6142 | 173.1 ± 09 n–p | 20.8 ± 2.5 p–r | 2.35 ± 0.04 gh | |
P-1543 | 161.5 ± 12 pq | 19.8 ± 2.7 q–s | 2.35 ± 0.08 gh | ||
Zn6K30 | Inbred | Neelam | 267.9 ± 13 g–i | 24.1 ± 3.7 k–n | 2.24 ± 0.02 ij |
Afghoi | 245.4 ± 19 i–k | 23.1 ± 1.6 m–o | 2.21 ± 0.06 jk | ||
Hybrid | DK-6142 | 266.4 ± 09 g–j | 26.1 ± 4.6 h–k | 2.36 ± 0.03 gh | |
P-1543 | 245.5 ±16 i–k | 25.3 ± 2.2 i–l | 2.33 ± 0.06 h | ||
Zn12K30 | Inbred | Neelam | 289.2 ± 14 d–g | 29.0 ± 2.5 b–e | 2.26 ± 0.08 i |
Afghoi | 259.2 ± 16 h–j | 28.3 ± 5.4 d–g | 2.23 ± 0.04 ij | ||
Hybrid | DK-6142 | 293.9 ± 19 d–f | 31.4 ± 3.3 a | 2.37 ± 0.05 d–g | |
P-1543 | 277.2 ± 11 f–h | 30.7 ± 1.7 ab | 2.34 ± 0.01 gh | ||
Zn0K60 | Inbred | Neelam | 242.1 ± 09 jk | 19.7 ± 2.2 q–s | 2.40 ± 0.06 c–f |
Afghoi | 221.8 ± 11 kl | 18.4 ± 0.8 rs | 2.36 ± 0.04 f–h | ||
Hybrid | DK-6142 | 224.3 ± 17 kl | 21.5 ± 1.4 o–q | 2.51 ± 0.02 ab | |
P-1543 | 199.8 ± 07 lm | 20.8 ± 3.5 p–r | 2.49 ± 0.03 b | ||
Zn6K60 | Inbred | Neelam | 307.5 ± 20 b–d | 25.0 ± 4.6 j–m | 2.41 ± 0.07 c–e |
Afghoi | 280.0 ± 17 e–h | 23.8 ± 5.7 l–n | 2.37 ± 0.1 e–h | ||
Hybrid | DK-6142 | 329.0 ± 19 a–c | 28.5 ± 4.3 d–g | 2.52 ± 0.03 ab | |
P-1543 | 304.1 ± 15 c–e | 27.2 ± 1.2 f–i | 2.50 ± 0.05 b | ||
Zn12K60 | Inbred | Neelam | 326.2 ± 18 bc | 29.7 ± 6.3 a–e | 2.43 ± 0.01 c |
Afghoi | 304.5 ± 16 c–e | 28.1 ± 3.6 d–g | 2.41 ± 0.1 cd | ||
Hybrid | DK-6142 | 353.5 ± 23 a | 30.6 ± 2.4 a–c | 2.54 ± 0.06 a | |
P-1543 | 332.2 ± 17 ab | 30.0 ± 5.5 a–d | 2.52 ± 0.04 ab |
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Ali Raza, H.M.; Bashir, M.A.; Rehim, A.; Raza, Q.-U.-A.; Berlyn, G.P.; Ur Rahman, S.; Geng, Y. Application of K and Zn Influences the Mineral Accumulation More in Hybrid Than Inbred Maize Cultivars. Plants 2021, 10, 2206. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102206
Ali Raza HM, Bashir MA, Rehim A, Raza Q-U-A, Berlyn GP, Ur Rahman S, Geng Y. Application of K and Zn Influences the Mineral Accumulation More in Hybrid Than Inbred Maize Cultivars. Plants. 2021; 10(10):2206. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102206
Chicago/Turabian StyleAli Raza, Hafiz Muhammad, Muhammad Amjad Bashir, Abdur Rehim, Qurat-Ul-Ain Raza, Graeme P. Berlyn, Shafeeq Ur Rahman, and Yucong Geng. 2021. "Application of K and Zn Influences the Mineral Accumulation More in Hybrid Than Inbred Maize Cultivars" Plants 10, no. 10: 2206. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102206