Potential of Essential Oils from Anise, Dill and Fennel Seeds for the Gypsy Moth Control
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Essential Oils Chemical Composition
2.2. Antifeeding Activity of EOs
2.3. Digestive Toxicity and Molting Delay Effects of EOs
2.4. Impact of EOs and Neem on Mass Gain and Amounts of Consumed, Assimilated, and Metabolized Food
2.5. Impact of EOs and Neem on Growth and Nutritional Indices
3. Discussion
3.1. Apiaceae EOs Are Toxic, Deter Feeding and Delay Molting in GML
3.2. EO Composition Might Account for Differences in Their Biological Activity
3.3. Apiaceae EOs Reduce GML Growth through Pre- and Post-Ingestive Mechanisms
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Material and EOs Isolation
4.2. Chemical Characterization of EOs
4.3. GML Rearing
4.4. Antifeeding Activity
4.5. Digestive Toxicity and Molting
4.6. Growth and Nutritional Indices
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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RIlit | RIexp | Compound | Contribution to Essential Oil (% m/m) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anise | Dill | Fennel | |||
Monoterpene hydrocarbons | 0.61 | 45.50 | 4.12 | ||
921 | 919 | Tricyclene | - | 0.13 | - |
924 | 924 | α-Thujene | 0.61 | 0.44 | - |
932 | 924 | α-Pinene | - | - | 1.53 |
946 | 938 | Camphene | - | - | 0.16 |
969 | 965 | Sabinene | - | - | tr |
974 | 967 | β-Pinene | - | - | 0.13 |
988 | 986 | β-Myrcene | - | 0.51 | tr |
1002 | 996 | α-Phellandrene | - | 13.12 | 0.38 |
1008 | 1003 | δ-3-Carene | - | - | tr |
1020 | 1018 | p-Cymene | - | 2.26 | 0.28 |
1024 | 1021 | Limonene | - | 29.04 | 1.32 |
1054 | 1052 | γ-Terpinene | - | - | 0.32 |
Oxygenated monoterpenes | 4.75 | 52.79 | 26.38 | ||
1026 | 1024 | 1,8-cineole | 2.35 | - | 0.17 |
1083 | 1080 | Fenchone | - | - | 25.56 |
1095 | 1097 | Linalool | 0.43 | - | - |
1141 | 1135 | Camphor | - | - | 0.65 |
1148 | 1146 | Menthone | - | 0.42 | - |
1158 | 1156 | iso-Menthone | - | 0.17 | - |
1161 | 1166 | neo-Menthol | - | 0.28 | - |
1174 | 1172 | Terpinen-4-ol | 0.05 | - | - |
1184 | 1176 | Dill ether | - | 6.52 | - |
1186 | 1185 | α-Terpineol | 0.22 | - | - |
1191 | 1189 | cis-Dihydrocarvone | - | 1.52 | - |
1200 | 1196 | trans-Dihydrocarvone | - | 0.81 | - |
1212 | 1210 | iso-Dihydrocarveol | - | 0.14 | - |
1226 | 1223 | neoiso-Dihydrocarveol | - | 0.46 | - |
1239 | 1238 | Carvone | - | 42.47 | - |
1380 | 1388 | Anisyl methyl ketone | 1.70 | - | - |
Phenylpropanoids | 92.91 | 0.00 | 69.28 | ||
1195 | 1193 | Methyl chavicol (estragole) | 5.32 | - | 3.44 |
1249 | 1248 | cis-Anethol | 0.11 | - | 0.79 |
1282 | 1280 | trans-Anethol | 87.48 | - | 65.05 |
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons | 1.41 | 0.24 | 0 | ||
1374 | 1366 | α-Copaene | tr | - | - |
1400 | 1397 | β-Longipinene | 0.10 | - | - |
1471 | 1470 | Dauca-5,8-diene | - | 0.24 | - |
1500 | 1480 | γ-Himachalene | 1.31 | - | - |
Total identified | 99.68 | 98.53 | 99.78 |
Indices | Formula |
---|---|
Relative growth rate | RGR = (m2 − m0)/(2 × m0) |
Relative consumption rate | RCR = mc/(2 × m0) |
Relative metabolic rate | RMR = [(mc − me) − (m2 − m0)]/(2 × m0) |
The efficiency of conversion of ingested food (gross growth efficiency) | ECI = (m2 − m0)/mc × 100 |
Approximate digestibility (assimilation efficiency) | AD= (mc − me)/mc × 100 |
The efficiency of conversion of digested food (net growth efficiency) | ECD = (m2 − m0)/(mc − me) × 100 |
Metabolic cost | MC = 100 − ECD |
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Kostić, I.; Lazarević, J.; Šešlija Jovanović, D.; Kostić, M.; Marković, T.; Milanović, S. Potential of Essential Oils from Anise, Dill and Fennel Seeds for the Gypsy Moth Control. Plants 2021, 10, 2194. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102194
Kostić I, Lazarević J, Šešlija Jovanović D, Kostić M, Marković T, Milanović S. Potential of Essential Oils from Anise, Dill and Fennel Seeds for the Gypsy Moth Control. Plants. 2021; 10(10):2194. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102194
Chicago/Turabian StyleKostić, Igor, Jelica Lazarević, Darka Šešlija Jovanović, Miroslav Kostić, Tatjana Marković, and Slobodan Milanović. 2021. "Potential of Essential Oils from Anise, Dill and Fennel Seeds for the Gypsy Moth Control" Plants 10, no. 10: 2194. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102194